• 동의신경정신과학회지
• /
• 제26권3호
• /
• pp.283-292
• /
• 2015

Objectives: The study aimed to test the validity and reliability of the questionnaire for cold-heat & deficiency-excess pattern identification of dementia and establish a new version of the questionnaire. Methods: Mean, standard deviation, skewness, internal consistency, correlation and t-test of the 26 items derived from previous study was analyzed in 20 dementia patients. The items with Cronbach-${\alpha}$ coefficient below 0.7 were modified. Thus, we established a new version of the questionnaire consisting of 20 items. Results: Cronbach-${\alpha}$ of each cold, heat, deficiency and excess questionnaire was 0.662, -0.229, 0.722 and 0.778, respectively. The correlation coefficient between cold, heat, deficiency and excess was less than 0.4 and correlation coefficient between dementia and cold, deficiency was 0.518. On t-test, the t-value of cold, deficiency and dementia was -2.196. Conclusions: The results indicated that cold-heat, deficiency-excess questionnaires showed satisfactory discriminant validity. In addition, there was correlation between dementia and cold, deficiency. Finally, we established a new version of the questionnaire for cold-heat, deficiency-excess pattern identification that consisted of 20 items.

• 대한한의진단학회지
• /
• 제18권2호
• /
• pp.75-84
• /
• 2014

Objectives Eyes, one of visual inspection regions, present important clues to pathological patterns including deficiency and excess patterns to the clinicians. The purpose of this study was to develop Eyes Inspection Questionnaire (EIQ) and to examine which items among the EIQ were more predictive of clinicians' determination for the deficiency and excess patterns. Methods Nine questionnaire items for Visual Inspection of Eyes were extracted through the literature review. These items were presented to the 4 Korean medical doctors who are specialized in visual inspection to conduct the Delphi method. The Korean medical doctors were asked to rate the importance of each items for the corresponding Visual Inspection of Eyes, using a Likert 5-point scale(the 3 points of importance as a cut-off point). Then, out of 75 photographs submitted to the Society of HyungSang Medicine in 2009, 30 portrait pictures were selected as samples. The samples were copied to make 60 sample pictures, and then randomly assigned to 4 clinicians. The 4 clinicians evaluated the 60 samples for excess and deficiency of the eyes and were asked to check the 6 questionnaire items. The results were recorded as 5-points-scale, and their average and standard deviations were calculated. Intra- class reliability test and multi regression test were performed using SPSS 13. Results Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was between 0.750 to 0.841 (P<0.05). Indices for visual inspection of the eyes were: endowment of the bone structure around the eyes; brightness of the eyes; upward deviation of the eyes; eye shapes; and definition of iris. 76.92% of deficiency symptom patterns and 86.42% of the excess symptom patterns matched the patterns predicted by the visual inspection of the eyes, according to the frequency analysis. According to the multiple regression analysis, were significantly related to the excessive symptoms, and to the deficiency symptoms. Conclusion This study is the first attempt of development for checklist of excess and deficiency of Visual Inspection of Eyes and quantitative measurement of excess and deficiency using the Visual Inspection of Eyes by the visual inspection experts. Still, additional studies are needed regarding the relationship visual inspection methods have with existing standards of diagnosis.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제22권6호
• /
• pp.1107-1108
• /
• 2006

As expanding municipal and industrial areas since started the economic development plan in earnest in 1970's, the water resource, mainly river surface water has been seriously polluted. Nevertheless, being upgraded in their treatment technologies for the drinking water, the safety has been issued one of crucially social problem in Korea. The water authorities has tried to improve the quality such as amending the drinking water quality standard to be monitored; hazardous chemicals and microorganis have been added and now 55 items, before 47 items, since in 2002. The Water Authorities of Seoul, the capital city of Korea, planned to assess the safty of drinking water quality after amended the standard. This study was conducted to assess the risk due to polluted chemicals including 21 heavy metals, VOCs, pesticides, PAHs, DBPs and organic chemicals among the regulated items. The risk assessment were undertaken hazard identification, exposure assessment, dose-response assessment and risk characterization. For the exposoure assessment, tap water, bottled water and purified water were sampled and analyzed in February, 2004. Risk characterization of detected chemicals was categorized into carcinogenecity and noncarcinogenecity, and estimated the excess of carcinogens and compapared with the reference dose (RfD) of noncarcinogenns. The excess risk of carcinogens from samples were considered comparatively in the acceptable levels; $10^{-6}$ for cancer risk and hazard quotient (HQ) 1.0 for noncancer risk. The deteced levels were estimated in $10^{-5}{\sim}10^{-6}$ of cancer risk and below 1.0 of HQ of noncancer risk. While three kinds of water were determined within the acceptal levels, DBPs were detected in tap water and purified were and some undesireable chemicals such as more fluoride detected rather than the quality stanadard. For the drinking water safety, it shoud be continuously monitored, assessed and managed as well risk communiction between the authoritis and public.

• 대한산업공학회지
• /
• 제30권4호
• /
• pp.294-300
• /
• 2004

This paper considers a trade-off effect between in-house storage space and leased storage space in generic warehouses operated under a randomized storage assignment policy. The amount of in-house storage space is determined based on the law of large numbers satisfying a given service level of protection against space shortages. Excess space requirement is assumed to be met via leased storage space. A new analytic model is formulated for determining the excess space such that the total cost of storage space is minimized. Finally, computational results are provided for the systems where the standard economic-order-quantity inventory model is used for all items.

• 멤브레인
• /
• 제8권4호
• /
• pp.220-227
• /
• 1998

국내 정수장.수도전.간이상수도등 2000여 곳의 수질을 환경부가 검사한 결과, 지역별로 세균.무기 이온등 몇몇 항목에서 환경기준을 초과한 것이 밝혀졌다. 이중에서 문제가 되고 있는 질산성 질소.암모니아성 질소.불소.염소등의 농도를 임의로 조작한 후, 시중에 유통되고 있는 가정용 정수기 모듈로 정수처리시켰을 때의 효과와 지역별로 문제시되는 항목들을 효과적으로 제거하기 위한 적당한 분리막을 선정하고자 측정 검토하였다. 정수처리하여 얻은 투과수를 일정 온도 하에서 보관하고, 일정 시간마다 세균수를 측정하여 세균수와 온도 및 시간과의 관계를 측정 조사함으로써 막 사용을 좀 더 효율적으로 할 수 있게끔 검토하였다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제26권3호
• /
• pp.32-37
• /
• 2000

Nowadays, a new word called SBS(sick building syndrome) has been come into existence. At the point of time when an interest about indoor air pollution and, according to this, countermeasure plan are internationally. Moreover institutional countermeasure should be attended at national level since indoor air quality in public places where many people gather is directly connected with national health. Especially indoor pollution of indoor stadia where all sorts of sports are held can give rise to every kinds of respiratory ailments to players as well as audiences. So it is presented as a main factor that indoor space of stadia is crowded with players and audiences compared with other kinds of indoor space. Therefore, in this research to analyze pollution degree of indoor circumstance for gymnasium and exercising room of folk wrestling. basketball, judo, wrestling, hapkido, swordsmanship and boxing making indoor gymnasium and exercising room an object, when 7 items were measures such as thermocircumstance(temperature, relative humidity, air current, intensity of illumination), dust, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide being based on the indoor environmental standard of the first clause of Article 45 of public utilization service which is showed at public hygiene of the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, it was showed that indoor temperature, relative humidity, air current and intensity of illumination were over standard amount at the most of folk wrestling gymnasium and exercising room. Indoor density of carbon monoxide was preserved to the extent of standard amount (10ppm) at all gymnasiums but carbon dioxide was not in excess of standard amount(1,000 ppm) at most of gymnasiums. Indoor density of dust induced from respiration exceeded the standard amount (150 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥) at all gymnasiums of the folk wrestling. Since the folk wrestling players and participants feel physical subjective symptom seriously, in other words the degree of indoor air pollution at gymnasiums and exercising rooms of the folk wrestling is very high, fundamental solution and countermeasure plan should be presented.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제33권6호
• /
• pp.650-660
• /
• 2017

In this study, pollutant emission characteristics by water damage period analyzed 11 items (water temperature, pH, DO, EC, BOD, COD, TOC, SS, T-N, T-P and flow) with load duration curve, time series load curve and factor analysis for three years (2014-2016). Load duration curve is applied to judge the level of impaired waterbody and estimate impaired level by pollutants such as BOD and T-P in this study depending on variation of stream flow. Water quality standard exceeded the flow of mid-range and low-range by flow condition evaluation using load duration curve. This watershed was influenced by point source more than non-point source. Cumulative excess rate of BOD and T-P kept water quality standard for all seasons (spring, summer, autumn and winter) except BOD 59% in spring. Water quality changes were influenced by pollutants of basic environmental treatment facilities and agricultural areas during spring and summer. Results of factor analysis were classified commonly first factor (BOD, COD, and TOC) and second factor (flow, water temperature and SS). Therefore, effects of artificial pollutants and maintenance water must be controlled seasonally and reduced relative to water damage caused by point pollution sources with effluent standard strengthened in the target watershed.

• 핵의학기술
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.37-41
• /
• 2016

정도관리(Quality Control)는 오차를 최소한으로 하여 검사의 신뢰도를 증진 시키는 것을 목적으로 하고 있으며 이러한 정도관리 활동을 통해 환자의 진단과 치료방침에 영향을 주는 핵의학 혈액 검사의 신뢰도가 확보되고 있다. 이에 연구자들은 신뢰도 향상의 추가적인 기법으로 건강검진 수검자를 대상으로 시행한 핵의학 혈액검사의 모집단 분포를 이용한 통계적 품질관리의 유용성을 평가해 보고자 한다. 2014년 1월부터 2014년 12월까지 서울아산병원 건강증진센터를 이용한 건강검진 수검자 41,341명을 대상으로 핵의학 혈액 검사 12종목에 대해 통계 분석을 시행 하였다. 통계분석은 핵의학 혈액 검사 12종목에 대한 결과 보고 치를 참고치 이내, 참고치 이상, 참고치 이하의 세 가지 그룹의 월간 백분율로 구분하여 모집단 분포의 평균값과 표준편차, 그리고 표준편차 지수(Standard Deviation Index: SDI)를 산출 하였고 그 결과 모집단 분포의 표준편차는 모든 그룹에서 대부분 ${\pm}2SD$ 이내의 결과를 보였다. 건강검진 수검자에 대한 핵의학 혈액검사 12종목(AFP, CEA, CA19-9, CA125, PSA, TSH, FT4, Anti-Tg-Ab, Anti-TPO-Ab, Calcitonin, 25-OH-VitD3, Insulin)의 모집단 분포를 분석한 결과 월간 백분율의 표준편차 지수(SDI)가 ${\pm}2.0$ 이상인 경우는, 1월과 3월 Insulin검사에서 각각 2.3, 2.4, 5월 Anti-Tg-Ab검사에서 2.2, 그리고 9월 CA19-9에서 2.2의 결과를 보였다. 이는 검사 Kit 시약의 이상 (동위원소 시약의 최대 결합률 저하), 검사반응 시간의 저하가 원인 이었다. 연구대상이 되는 전체의 속성을 포함하고 모집단 분포의 특성을 이용한 통계적 품질관리는 검사실에서 시행하고 있는 내부정도관리 프로그램을 보완하는 역할을 할 수 있으리라 생각된다.

• 생물정신의학
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.140-151
• /
• 2002

Object and Method:Minor physical anomalies(MPAs) are frequently seen in patients with schizophrenia. MPAs are considered to arise from the anomalous development of ectoderm-originated tissues in the developing fetus. Since the central nervous system originates from ectoderm, MPAs can be regarded as externally observable and objective indicators of the aberrant development which might have taken place in the central nervous system. To investigate whether MPAs are more frequent in schizophrenic patients, the frequencies of MPAs were compared between schizophrenic patients and normal controls. Total 245 schizophrenic patients diagnosed with DSM-IV(male : 158, female : 87), and 418 normal control subjects(male : 216, female : 202) were included in this study. The MPAs were measured using the modified Waldrop scale with fifteen items in six bodily regions; head, eye, ear, mouth, hand, and foot. Result:The total scores of Waldrop scale were $4.40{\pm}1.93$($mean{\pm}standard$ deviation) in patients and $3.43{\pm}1.68$ in controls for females, and for males, $4.58{\pm}1.75$ in patients and $4.28{\pm}1.59$ in controls. For females, the excess of MPAs in schizophrenic patients was statistically significant(t-test : p<0.001). For males, schizophrenic patients also showed more MPAs than normal controls, but this tendency did not reach statistical significance (t-test : p=0.094). When the modified Waldrop total scores excluding head circumference were compared, the total scores in schizophrenic patients were significantly higher for both male and female subjects(t-test : male p<0.001, female p=0.001). The individual anomaly items included in Waldrop scale were also investigated. The items of epicanthus, hypertelorism, malformed ears, syndactylia were significantly more frequent in schizophrenic patients. In contrast, the items of adherent ear lobes, asymmetric ears, furrowed tongue, curved fifth finger, single palmar crease and big gap between toes did not show any differences in frequency between schizophrenic patients and normal controls. Since a lot of statistical analyses showed different results between male and female subjects, it seems to be necessary to consider gender as an important controlling variable for the analysis, however only the item of head circumference showed statistically significant gender-related difference according to log-linear analysis. Conclusion:With a relatively large sample size, the frequencies of MPAs enlisted in Waldrop scale were compared between schizophrenic patients and normal controls in this study. MPAs were more frequently seen in schizophrenic patients and, especially, several specific items in the Waldrop scale showed prominent excess in schizophrenic patients. Although definite conclusions cannot be drawn due to the inherent limitation of the study using Waldrop scale, these results seem to support the possibility that aberrant neurodevelopmental process might be involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia in some of the patients.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.44-50
• /
• 1993

In order to investigate the hygienic conditions of potable water in farm area, we examined the hygienic bacteriological and chemical tests of the 159 waters in the farm areas of Kwangjugun, Namyangju-gun, Yangpyung-gun Paju-gun and Hwasung-gun.The results were as follows: 1. Of the 159 waters, the average numbers of standard plate count and coliform were 920 $\pm$ 250ml and 450 $\pm$ 380/100 ml, respectively. The average pH was 6.74 $\pm$ 0.08, KMnO$_4$ consumption 4.18 $\pm$ 0.23 mg/l, turbidity 0.74 $\pm$ 0.08 degree, NH$_3$-N 0.07 $\pm$ 0.02 mg/l, NO$_3$-N 7.76 $\pm$ 0.48 mg/l, total hardness 101.3 $\pm$ 4.7mg/l, chlorine 18.6 $\pm$ 1.3mg/l, sulfate 12.9 $\pm$ 1.0 mg/l, lead 0.036 $\pm$ 0.003 mg/l, manganese 0.017 $\pm$ 0.003 mg/l, zinc 0.064 $\pm$ 0.005 mg/l, and copper 0.010 $\pm$ 0.001 mg/l, respectively. 2. Of the 159 waters, 84 samples (52.8%) were over 100 per ml of SPC or detected coliform per 100 ml water and 63 samples (39.6%) exceed over physicochemical limited criteria for potable water. NO$_3$-N was the primary item among excess contents of potable water in farm areas. 3. The contents of total hardness, chlorine and NO$_3$-N in Hwasung-gun were higher than those in the other regions, but the numbers of SPC and coliform in Yangpyung-gun and Namyangjugun were higher than those in the other regions. 4. The correlationships among many items were highly significant (SPC, Coliform, KMnO$_4$ consumption NH$_4$-N, NO$_3$-N, KMnO$_4$, Total hardness, Chlorine, Sulfate).