• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.268-275
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• 2012

Reference ranges of standard experimental parameters are useful for comparisons in toxicology. The aim of this study was to collect data from 4-week repeated toxicity studies in Crl:CD (SD) rats, a strain widely used for toxicity and efficacy research, for establishing domestic reference values. Data on body weight, food consumption; urinalysis, hematological, and blood biochemical parameters; and organ weights were collected from 16 toxicity studies in 220 Crl:CD (SD) rats (110 males and 110 females). The studies had been performed at a single testing facility over the last 3 years and involved animals sourced from a single breeder. The findings were collated as means, standard deviations, percentages, and ranges. Urine volume, uterus weight, eosinophil, and basophil counts, and triglyceride, total bilirubin, and gammaglutamyl transpeptidase levels showed standard deviations of 30% or more. These historical control data would help to interpret the effects of test substances in routine toxicity and efficacy studies.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.19-25
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• 2000

In Condebelt press drying system, the temperature difference between top and bottom plate of Condebelt transfers water to bottom side, Fine fibers, stickies , ink , and various inorganic materials are also migrated to the fine wire located at the bottom plate by highly pressurized moisture flow. As a result, the fine wire contaminated by plugging of these fine and sticky materials can cause many problems such as blistering or partial crushing of paper. The contaimination of fine wire leads to a deterioroated strength together with uneven physical properties of paper. In this paper, froth-flotatiion method, which is commonly used in the field of ONP recycling process, were adopted to separate the contaminants in KOCC as a new fiber fractionation method. Standard deviation of paper strength and brighteness decreased of Condebelt fine wire were measured to investigate the effect of contaminants removal . The standard deviations of paper strength obtained from the flotated accept were not dependent on the number of condebelt press drying . However, in the case of untreated KOCC, the standard deviations were increased as press drying repeated. This indicates that the contaminant gives uneven physical properties to the paper by wire plugging . Optical and SEM images clearly illustrate the effect of contaminants on the wire condition.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.103-115
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• 2018

The uncertainty of climate scenarios, as initial information, is one of the significant factors among uncertainties of climate change impacts and vulnerability assessments. In this sense, the quantification of the uncertainty of climate scenarios is essential to understanding these assessments of impacts and vulnerability for adaptation to climate change. Here we quantified the precision of surface temperature of ensemble scenarios (high resolution (1km) RCP4.5 and 8.5) provided by Korea Meteorological Administration, with spatiotemporal variation of the standard deviation of them. From 2021 to 2050, the annual increase rate of RCP8.5 was higher than that of RCP4.5 while the annual variation of RCP8.5 was lower than that of RCP4.5. The standard deviations of ensemble scenarios are higher in summer and winter, particularly in July and January, when the extreme weather events could occur. In general, the uncertainty of ensemble scenarios in summer were lower than those in winter. In spatial distribution, the standard deviation of ensemble scenarios in Seoul Metropolitan Area is relatively higher than other provinces, while that of Yeongnam area is lower than other provinces. In winter, the standard deviations of ensemble scenarios of RCP4.5 and 8.5 in January are higher than those of December. Especially, the standard deviation of ensemble scenarios is higher in the central regions including Gyeonggi, and Gangwon, where the mean surface temperature is lower than southern regions along with Chungbuk. Such differences in precisions of climate ensemble scenarios imply that those uncertainty information should be taken into account for the implementation of national climate change policy.

• 한국경영과학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.35-52
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• 2013

Markowitz's portfolio selection model is used to construct an optimal portfolio which has minimum variance, while satisfying a minimum required expected return. The model uses estimators based on analysis of historical data to estimate the returns, standard deviations, and correlation coefficients of individual stocks being considered for investment. However, due to the inaccuracies involved in estimations, the true optimality of a portfolio constructed using the model is questionable. To investigate the effect of estimation inaccuracy on actual portfolio performance, we study the changes in a portfolio's realized return and standard deviation as the accuracy of the estimations for each stock's return, standard deviation, and correlation coefficient is increased. Furthermore, we empirically analyze the portfolio's performance by comparing it with the performance of active mutual funds that are being traded in the Korean stock market and the KOSPI benchmark index, in terms of portfolio returns, standard deviations of returns, and Sharpe ratios. Our results suggest that, among the three input parameters, the accuracy of the estimated returns of individual stocks has the largest effect on performance, while the accuracy of the estimates of the standard deviation of each stock's returns and the correlation coefficient between different stocks have smaller effects. In addition, it is shown that even a small increase in the accuracy of the estimated return of individual stocks improves the portfolio's performance substantially, suggesting that Markowitz's model can be more effectively applied in real-life investments with just an incremental effort to increase estimation accuracy.

• 한국결정학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.64-65
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• 1997

실험적으로 측정된 변수의 함수인 물리양의 표준편차의 개산법이 제시되었다.

• 한국지능시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국퍼지및지능시스템학회 1993년도 Fifth International Fuzzy Systems Association World Congress 93
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• pp.1106-1108
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• 1993

This paper deals with an industrial application of a fuzzy feedback combined learning control to an industrial batch free radical polymerization reactor. As a result, the plant has reduced the batch reaction time by 50 minute and stabilized both by 40 percent reduction of the standard deviations of product qualities, such as the total solid content and the graft gum, and by 45 percent reduction of the standard deviation of the batch reaction end time.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.287-292
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• 2001

목적 : 본 연구에서는 골반부위 방사선치료 환자중 직장암 환자에서 고정기구로 사용한 air-vacuum cushion의 조사면의 변화에 따른 고정기구의 유용성을 후향적으로 분석하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 충남대학교병원 치료방사선과에서 1998년 8월부터 1999년 8월까지 직장암으로 방사선치료를 받은 20명의 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 환자들은 모두 복와위 자세로 치료를 받았고 대조군 10명과 실험군 10명으로 각각 나누어서 연구를 실행하였다. 전체 치료과정중 EPID를 이용하여 후면조사면은 x축(right-left), y축(cranio-caudal)에 대한 영상을 얻었고, 측면조사면은 z축(anterior-posterior), y축(cranio-caudal)에 대한 영상을 얻었다. 전체 치료과정 중 얻은 영상들을 모의치료시 촬영한 기준필름과 matching 기법을 이용하여 오차를 측정하였다. 통계적 유의성 확인은 t-검정법을 사용하였다. 결과 : 대조군에서 10명 환자의 후면 조사영역의 경우 x축, y축에 대한 평균이동값은 각각 0.02 mm, 0.78 mm이었고 계통오차과 우연오차의 표준편차값은 각각 2.13 mm, 2.40 mm와 1.46 mm, 1.51 mm이었다. 측면조사면에서 z축, y축에 대한 평균이동값은 각각 2.96 mm, 0.47 mm이었고 계통오차와 우연오차의 표준편차는 각각 3.69 mm, 1.96 mm와 2.79 mm, 1.48 mm이었다. 실험군 10명 환자의 후면 조사면에서 x축, y축에 대한 평균이동값은 각각 -0.33 mm, 0.81 mm이었고 계통오차과 우연오차에 대한 표준편차는 각각 1.71 mm, 3.08 mm와 1.40 mm, 1.88 mm이었다. 측면조사면에서 z축, y축에 대한 평균이동값은 각각 2.98 mm, 0.74 mm이었고 계통오차과 우연오차에 대한 표준편차는 각각 4.75 mm, 2.65 mm와 2.69 mm, 1.86 mm이었다. 본 연구에서는 대조군과 실험군간의 조사면에 대한 평균 이동값과 우연오차는 거의 일치하였으나 계통오차는 실험군에서 다소 큰 경향을 보였다. 후면조사면과 측면조사면에서 air-vacuum cushion에 의한 조사면 변화의 통계적 유의성이 없었다. 결론 : 직장암 환자의 방사선 치료시 고정기구로 사용한 air-vacuum cushion의 사용이 방사선치료의 정확도에 이익을 주지 않는 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.424-430
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• 2012

Densities, viscosities, refractive indices and speed of sounds of the binary mixtures of Acetophenone with Ethylchloroacetate were measured over the entire mole fractions at (303.15, 313.15 and 323.15) K. From these experimental results, excess molar volume $V^E$, viscosity deviation ${\Delta}{\eta}$, refractive index deviation ${\Delta}n_D$, deviations in speed of sound ${\Delta}u$, deviations in isentropic compressibility ${\Delta}k_s$ and excess intermolecular free length ${\Delta}L_f$ were calculated. The viscosity data have been correlated with the equations of Grunberg and Nissan, Hind et al., Tamura and Kurata, Katti and Chaudri, Sedgwick, Krishnan-Laddha and McAllister. The thermo physical properties under study were fit to the Jouyban-Acree model. The excess values were correlated using Redlich-Kister polynomial equation to obtain their coefficients and standard deviations. It was found that in all cases, the data obtained fitted with the values correlated by the corresponding models very well. The results are interpreted in terms of molecular interactions occurring in the solution.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.190-196
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• 2009

본 논문은 잡음 환경의 음성 인식을 위하여 음성에 부가된 잡음을 제거하는 방법으로 프레임 단위로 웨이브렛 변환을 하여 웨이브렛 계수의 표준편차를 이용하여 시간 적응 임계값을 정하는 새로운 방법을 제안한다. 음성의 특성을 고려하기 위하여 고주파 성분을 많이 가지는 무성음의 경우는 첫 번째 스케일의 detail 신호에서, 저주파 성분을 많이 가지는 유성음의 경우는 세 번째 스케일의 approximation 신호의 표준편차를 이용하여 시간 적응 임계값을 설정하였다 또한 제안한 방법으로 잡음을 제거한 후에도 묵음구간에 잔여 잡음이 존재하게 되므로 묵음구간을 검출하여 묵음구간의 잔여 잡음을 제거하였다 실험을 통해 제안한 방법이 일반적인 웨이브렛 변환과 웨이브렛 패킷 변환을 이용한 방법보다 SNR과 MSE측면에서 향상됨을 확인 할 수 있었다.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.180-183
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• 1990

한국 남해안에서 높게 보고되고 있는 수중소음준위에 대하여 그 소음원을 규명하고자 부산근해의 두 해역에서 파고 1~1.5m의 비교적 조용한 해상 상태일 때 시간별, 깊이별로 10KHz까지 수중소음의 변화를 관측했다. 전체적인 소음준위는 매우 높게 나타났으며, 선박통행이 비교적 뜸했던 A 정점에서는 이들의 편차가 1~2dB 이내로 작은 값을 보였는데 비해 선박 통행이 빈번했던 B 정점에서는 전 주파수대에 걸쳐 그 편차가 각각 4dB와 3dB까지 크게 나타났다. 이것은 그동안 500Hz 이상의 주파수대에서 주 소음원으로 여겨졌던 수면파 외에도 이 해역에서는 선박 소음이 주요 소음원임을 의미하고 있다.