• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.953-958
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• 2008

The object of this study was to investigate the immune-enhancing effects of Chlorella vulgaris (CV) on a deteriorated immune function by a protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) diet. Unicellular algae, CV were used as a biological response modifier. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed for 15 days with standard diet or a PEM diet, which is associated with decreased host immune defense. After 8 days, mice in the PEM diet group were orally administered by 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 g/kg body weight of CV or distilled water. Nutritional parameters, and interferon (IFN)-$\gamma$ levels were significantly increased in the blood serum of the CV (0.15 g/kg)-treated group (29.6$\pm$2.8 pg/mL) compared to the non-treated PEM group (4.1$\pm$0.4 pg/mL, p<0.05). In addition, cell proliferation and production of cytokines were investigated via a CV (0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/mL) treatment using a human T cell line MOLT-4 cell. The CV treatment (1 mg/mL) significantly increased the production of both IFN-$\gamma$ and interleukin (IL)-2 (51.3$\pm$3.4 and 285.9$\pm$18.8 pg/mL, respectively) compared to the control (51.3$\pm$3.4 and 442.6$\pm$14.3 pg/mL, respectively), but did not affect the production of IL-4. These results suggest that CV may be useful in improving the immune function.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.324-333
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• 2006

This study was designed to investigate the effect of bone demineralization and tibia lead on blood lead in retired lead workers. Two hundred thirty five(126 females and 109 males) retired lead workers who worked in 4 different lead factories and 101 non-occupationally lead exposed subjects(51 females and 51 males) were recruited from March 2004 to October 2004. Bone mineral density(BMD) was measured at left calcaneous bone area by broadband ultrasound attenuation(BUA) method with QUS-2(Metra Biosystems Inc, USA). The BUA value transformed into T-score by WHO standard conversion criteria. Tibia bone lead was measured for skeletal bone lead with K-xray fluorescence(K-XRF) and blood lead was analyzed with flameless atomic spectrophotometer. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum calcium and iron were also analyzed. In addition, information for smoking and drinking status and basic personal data such as age, gender and lead exposure were also collected using questionnaire inquiry. Blood lead was correlated with tibia lead (r=0.664) and these two variables were negatively correlated with BMD in bivariate analysis. BMD showed significant main effect on the change of blood lead independent to tibia lead without any effect modification of age or gender; the one T-score unit decrease of mineral bone density made $0.43{\mu}g/dl$ increase of blood lead. On the other hand, tibia lead showed effect modification with gender on blood lead; the slope of tibia lead on blood lead in male was steeper than in female and crossed at around zero of tibia lead. In the multiple regression analysis of blood lead and tibia lead on BMD after adjustment of related covariates, only blood lead showed statistically significant effect on BMD. This study confirmed that BMD and blood lead were significantly associated. To verify the causal association of BMD on blood lead and vice versa, further longitudinal studies are needed.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.558-568
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• 2011

Hazardous volatile organic compounds (HVOCs) have been increasingly getting concern in urban air chemistry due to photochemical smog as well as its toxicity or potential hazards. In this study, we investigated their concentrations and the properties in tunnel, urban roadside and residential area. As a result, among 36HVOCs measured in this study, BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene) and dichlorodifluoromethane, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, trichlorofluoromethane were detected above the concentration of $1{\mu}g/m^3$ in every sampling site and the most abundant compound was toluene. The other compounds were detected at trace level or below the detection limit. In addition, we found that three CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons), such as CFC-12, CFC-11, CFC-113, were persistently detected because of the emission in the past. Toluene to benzene ratio (T/B) at tunnel and roadside were calculated to be 4.3~5.3 and at residential area 15.4, suggesting that the residential area had several emission sources other than car exhaust. The ratio of X/E (m,p-xylene to ethylbenzene) ratio was calculated to be 1.8~2.1 at tunnel, 1.7 at roadside and 1.2 at residential area, which means this ratio reflected well the relative photochemical reactivity between these compounds. Good correlation between m,p-xylene and ethylbenzene ($r^2$ > 0.85) were shown in every study sites. This indicated that correlation between $C_2$-alkylbenzenes were not severely affected by 3-way catalytic converter. In this study, it was demonstrated that the concentration of benzene was very low, compared with national air quality standard (annual average of $5{\mu}g/m^3$). Its concentration were $2.52{\mu}g/m^3$ in roadside and $1.34{\mu}g/m^3$ in residential area. We thought this was the result of persistent policy implementation including the reduction of benzene content in gasoline enforced on January 1, 2009.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.143-148
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• 2015

Yogurt powder is fermented milk processed in the form of dry yogurt, and has advantages such as stability, storability, convenience, and portability. China and Vietnam are important export target countries because of the increased demand for dairy products. Therefore, we surveyed dairy product standardization in order to establish an export strategy. Lactic acid bacteria counts are unregulated in Korea and Vietnam. In China, lactic acid bacteria counts are regulated at $1{\times}10^6$ colonyforming units (CFU)/mL and detected at $6.24{\pm}0.33\;Log\;CFU/mL$. All three countries have regulated standards for total bacterial counts. In China, total bacterial counts of milk powder are regulated to n=5, c=2, m=50,000, M=200,000 and detected at $6.02{\pm}0.12\;Log\;CFU/mL$, exceeding the acceptable level. Lactic acid bacterial counts appeared to exceed total bacterial counts. Coliform group counts, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella species were not detected. Acidity is not regulated in Korea and Vietnam. In China, acidity was regulated to over $70^{\circ}T$ and detected $352.38{\pm}10.24^{\circ}T$. pH is unregulated in all three countries. pH was compared to that of general fermented milk, which is 4.2, and that of the sample was $4.28{\pm}0.01$. Aflatoxin levels are not regulated in Korea and China. In Vietnam, aflatoxin level is regulated at 0.05 ppb. Therefore, all ingredients of the yogurt powder met the safety standards. This data obtained in this study can be used as the basic data in assessing the export quality of yogurt powder.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.299-308
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• 2017

본 연구는 표준화환자를 활용한 아동간호 시뮬레이션이 간호학생의 불안, 자기효능감 및 비판적사고 성향에 미치는 효과를 검정하기 위하여 시도된 단일군 사전사후 설계(one group pre test-post test design)연구이다. 대상자는 C시에 소재한 일개 대학교의 간호학과 4학년 재학생 62명이다. 표준화환자를 활용한 아동간호 시뮬레이션은 사전학습 및 오리엔테이션 60분, 시나리오 구현 60-80분과 성찰일지 작성 및 디브리핑 30분 등을 포함하여 실습조별로 약 3.5시간동안 진행되었다. 자료수집은 2016년 3월에 시작되어 2016년 12월까지 진행되었다. 자료 분석은 SPSS 21.0 프로그램의 기술 통계 및 paired t-test, pearson's correlation을 이용하여 분석하였다. 본 연구 결과, 표준화환자를 활용한 아동간호 시뮬레이션 후 간호학생의 불안(p<.001)은 역할극에 비하여 통계적으로 유의하게 낮았으며, 자기효능감(p<.001)과 비판적사고 성향(p<.001)은 유의하게 증가되었다. 표준화환자를 활용한 시뮬레이션 실습 교육은 간호학생의 불안을 감소시키고, 자기효능감과 비판적사고 성향 향상에 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 아동간호학 교육에서 표준화환자를 활용한 시뮬레이션 실습은 간호학생의 핵심역량을 강화시키므로 다양한 시나리오를 개발해야 함을 제안한다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.871-879
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• 2014

Two experiments were conducted to determine the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents of corn gluten feed (CGF) for finishing pigs and to develop equations predicting the DE and ME content from the chemical composition of the CGF samples, as well as validate the accuracy of the prediction equations. In Exp. 1, ten CGF samples from seven provinces of China were collected and fed to 66 finishing barrows (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) with an initial body weight (BW) of $51.9{\pm}5.5$ kg. The pigs were assigned to 11 diets comprising one basal diet and 10 CGF test diets with six pigs fed each diet. The basal diet contained corn (76%), dehulled soybean meal (21%) and premix (3%). The ten test diets were formulated by substituting 25% of the corn and dehulled soybean meal with CGF and contained corn (57%), dehulled soybean meal (15.75%), CGF (24.25%) and premix (3%). In Exp. 2, two additional CGF sources were collected as validation samples to test the accuracy of the prediction equations. In this experiment, 18 barrows (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) with an initial BW of $61.1{\pm}4.0$ kg were randomly allotted to be fed either the basal diet or two CGF containing diets which had a similar composition as used in Exp. 1. The DE and ME of CGF ranged from 10.37 to 12.85 MJ/kg of dry matter (DM) and 9.53 to 12.49 MJ/kg of DM, respectively. Through stepwise regression analysis, several prediction equations of DE and ME were generated. The best fit equations were: DE, MJ/kg of DM = 18.30-0.13 neutral detergent fiber-0.22 ether extract, with $R^2$ = 0.95, residual standard deviation (RSD) = 0.21 and p<0.01; and ME, MJ/kg of DM = 12.82+0.11 Starch-0.26 acid detergent fiber, with $R^2$ = 0.94, RSD = 0.20 and p<0.01. These results indicate that the DE and ME content of CGF varied substantially but the DE and ME for finishing pigs can be accurately predicted from equations based on nutritional analysis.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.109-121
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• 1992

Temporomandibular joint is a major structure to play an important role in the function & stability of the occlusion as well as the stomatognathic system. Therefore, the TMJ is the structure that requires the complete analysis for diagnosing and planning treatment of pathologic changes by TMJ dysfunction and malocclusion. So, in this study, to evaluate TMJ situation in Korean malocclusion, based on the previous accomplishments, students of the dental college of Won-Kwang Univ. are surveyed and selected in terms of Angle's classification of malocclusion, whose TMJ radiographs were taken in the centric occlusion and centric relation. In each maiocclusion groups, the mean and standard deviation of anterior, posterior and superior joint space of the right, left and both side in CO & CR are evaluated and also those of the fossa height and the articular eminence angle of the right, left and both sides are evaluated. The obtained results were as follows: 1. In the correlation coefficient between the malocclusion groups, no other items except the posterior joint space of the right side in CR between in class I and class III are significant. 2. In the correlation coefficient between the right and left side, the each joint space in class I malocclusion group and class II malocclusion group are significant. 3. In the change of each joint space during the transmit from CO to CR, there is a tendency of increasing anterior joint space and decreasing posterior, superior joint spaces in class I, II malocclusion and increasing superior joint space and decreasing anterior, posterior joint space in class III malocclusion, which is significant in the correlation coefficient, but not significant in the T-test. 4. In each malocclusion group, the correlation coefficient between the posterior joint space and the superior joint space in C.R is highly significant. 5. The fossa height of class II malocclusion group is lesser than that of class I or class III, which is not significant in T-test. 6. In the correlation coefficient between Rt. and Lt. side in the fossa height, it is not significant in class I and class III group, but significant in class II malocclusion group. 7. The articular eminence angle of class II malocclusion group is larger then that of class I or class III groups, which is fairly significant. 8. In the correlation coefficient between Rt. and Lt. side in the articular eminence angle, it is significant in each malocclusion group.

• 한국직업건강간호학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.5-21
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the physical fitness status and health promoting life styles of the workers. For the purpose, 108 workers who attended the exercise program in Inchon branch of KISCO were selected as the subjects. From Oct. 20th to Nov. 30th, in 1998, they were firstly assessed their physical fitness. The items include cardio-respiratory endurance, flexibility, muscular strength, muscular endurance, agility, power, balance, body composition, etc. Secondly, the health promoting life styles were asked by questionnaires about daily life and dietary habits. Both of them were evaluated by 5 or 3 levels as A(very good) to E(very poor) or A (good) to C(poor). Those data were analyzed percentile, mean, standard deviation by SAS program. Major findings are as follows ; 1. The health promoting life styles were generally good, but 43.5% of the subjects didn't exercise at all. Most of them(93.5%) thought about their physical fitness status as lower than average level. About half of them(48.1%) didn't drink alcohol, non smokers were 70.4% of them. But they had poor dietary habits(lower than average level : 79.6%), females were a little bit better than males. The aged group had the poor body compositions, 21.4% of females and 10.0% of males were obese. 2. Physical fitness status of the workers were assessed as two areas, one is health related, the other is physical function related area. In the health related area, females were better than males, in view of age, forties aged group had the highest scores of all items except cardio-respiratory endurance. Among 'A' and 'B' level, muscular endurance was showed most frequently, followed by muscular strength, flexibility, cardiorespiratory endurance. In physical function related status, balance was ranked highly in the portion of over 'B', followed by power, agility. In view of sex, males were better than females for all items except balance, and there were various figures in the status by age groups. 3. Comprehensive assessment scores were poor(under 'D' leves were most frequent), females were better than males, and teenage group had the worst scores. In ages of the physical fitness, generally they had 1 year under their real ages, and females were better than males. In view of age, forties aged group was ranked highly and teenagers had lowest scores.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.49-63
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• 2013

본 연구는 노인의 여가활동 정도와 유형이 생활만족도와 어떠한 관계가 있는지 살펴봄으로써 노년기 여가활동의 중요성을 밝히고 노인의 생활만족도를 높힐 수 있도록 여가활동 활성과 교육을 위한 방안을 제시하는데 연구의 의의를 두며 여가교육에 있어 가정과 교육의 중요성을 논하고 있다. 연구의 조사대상은 전남 동부권에 거주하는 60세 이상의 남녀노인 280명을 대상으로 하였으며 수집된 자료는 신뢰도 검증, 빈도, 백분율, 평균, 표준편차, t-test, ANOVA, 상관관계분석을 하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 노인의 여가활동 참여정도 및 유형과 생활만족도의 정도를 알아본 결과 가장 많이 참여하는 여가활동 유형은 소일거리 활동과 가족중심활동이었으며 자기개발 활동 및 종교, 사회봉사활동에는 참여가 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 노인들의 여가활동은 생활수준이 높을 때, 가정분위기가 좋을 때, 건강이 좋을 때 여가활동에 더 많이 참여하는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 여가활동에 따른 생활만족도는 오락 및 사교활동에 참여할 때, 자기개발활동에 참여할 때, 가족중심활동에 많이 참여할 때 생활만족도가 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 여가활동을 많이 한 노인일수록 생활만족도가 높았다. 이러한 결과를 볼 때 길어진 노후생활에 삶의 질 향상을 위해서는 체계적이고 우리 문화에 맞는 노인여가 프로그램이 개발되고 이에 대한 참여가 필요하다. 그리고 노인의 여가활동의 활성화를 위해서는 가정과 교육이 교과내용으로 다루고 이를 실천해야 할 것이다.

• 철학연구
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• 제123권
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• pp.87-110
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• 2012

본 논문은 그린버그, 카플란, 칼리니스쿠를 중심으로 반키치론을 비판적으로 검토한다. 이를 통해 반키치론이 이론적 실천적으로 정당화될 수 있는지를 탐구한다. 반키치론은 근대 미학에서 '예술' 개념의 내포적, 외연적 기준에 근거하여 키치를 비판한다. 이들은 키치가 사심 없는 즐거움의 대상이 아니라 쾌적함과 감상성을 추구하므로 나쁜 취미라고 간주한다. 그러나 반키치론의 기초 개념인 '사심 없는 즐거움'과 '미적 판단의 보편성과 필연성'은 문화중재자의 편향성을 가정한다. 또한 미적/반성적 예술과 쾌적하고/감상적인 키치 개념을 분류하는 기준은 모호하다. 반키치론자들은 개념 논증의 결함을 보완하기 위해 경제적, 정치적 논거를 추가한다. 이들은 키치의 미적 부절적성을 증명하기 위해 과시적 소비와 정치적 우민화를 키치 평가의 논거로 제시하지만, 변화하는 문화 환경 속에서 대중들의 요구가 반영된 다양한 양태의 키치를 공정하게 다루지 못한다. 결국 반키치론자들은 엘리트주의와 형식주의 미학만을 제한적으로 승인하면서 키치에 대한 폄하를 계속한다. 예술의 죽음 이후 포스트예술 시대의 변화된 문화적 실천은 키치에 대한 재평가와 더불어 대안적 대중 미학을 필요로 한다.