• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.527-535
• /
• 2017

연료전지 배터리 하이브리드 UPS용 연료전지 파워 팩 내부에 설치한 연료전지의 화학반응에 의해 생성되는 열을 제거하는데 어려움이 있다. 열을 제거하지 못할 경우 연료전지의 내구성과 성능에 영향을 끼쳐 수명 단축의 원인이 된다. UPS용 연료전지 파워 팩 제작을 위하여 연료전지의 적절한 냉각 방법을 선정하고 제시하는 것이 본 연구의 목표이다. 냉각방법 선정을 위해 냉각 성능에 영향을 주는 각각의 설계 인자를 변화시키면서 연구를 수행하였다. 전산해석은 상용프로그램인 COMSOL Multiphysics로 수행하였다. 먼저 연료전지 스택의 냉각 팬의 위치를 상단과 하단에 배치했을 때 1 kW급 연료전지 스택 표면온도를 비교하였으며, 각각의 위치에 따른 냉각 팬의 회전속도를 2,500, 3,000, 3,500, 4,000 RPM으로 변경하여 적절한 냉각 팬의 속도를 결정하였다. 또한 파워 팩 외부에서 내부로 들어오는 공기의 입구인 그릴의 타공면적을 달리하여 내부로 들어오는 공기의 유량이 냉각에 미치는 영향을 비교하였다. 본 연구는 UPS용 연료전지 파워 팩 내부 연료전지의 열관리 기술개발에 효과적으로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
• /
• 제5권4호
• /
• pp.129-136
• /
• 2006

High temperature corrosion behavior of AISI-type 316L stainless steel for the MCFC(molten carbonate fuel cell) bipolar application was studied by immersion test and penetration attack method in anode environment ($650^{\circ}C$, $Li_2CO_3/K_2CO_3=62/38$ mol%, $H_2/CO_2=80/20$ vol%) without or with different $CaCO_3$ content. Not only immersion test method but also morphological observation of samples in the carbonate melts are adopted as experimental methods. With aid of the morphological observation of cross section of samples immersed in a carbonate melt was possible to obtain penetration attack. The concentration effect of $CaCO_3$ inhibitor was investigated in order to verify the optimum concentration for practical application in MCFC stack operation. The corrosion rate in the presence of $CaCO_3$ was proven to be decreased as a function of $CaCO_3$ concentration. The corrosion rate in the presence of $CaCO_3$ was measured with a value of 6.9 mpy which is 2.4 times lower than that of inhibitor-free electrolyte. The cross section microscopy revealed that the internal penetration by oxidation in molten carbonate is very severe. In this case, the attack was occurred not only dissolution loss in the electrolyte by corrosion reaction but also weight gain through oxide layer by internal penetration.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제37권6호
• /
• pp.582-588
• /
• 2013

고체산화물형 연료전지는 높은 효율과 친환경적 특성을 가지고 있어 선박에 의한 대기 오염의 주 원인인 디젤 엔진을 대체할 수 있는 동력원으로 주목 받고 있다. 고체산화물형 연료전지의 높은 작동 온도는 고효율과 다양한 연료를 사용할 수 있고 고가의 촉매를 사용하지 않아도 되지만 고열에 의한 시스템의 손상이 발생할 수 있다. 따라서 고성능과 신뢰성을 확보하기 위해 온도제어기가 설계되어야 하고 시스템에 적용하기 전 제어기의 성능이 검증되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 많은 비용과 시간을 필요로하는 전통적인 제어기 성능 검증 방식 대신에 Hardware-In-the-Loop Simulation 방식을 활용한 성능 검증 시스템을 개발하였고 고체산화물형 연료전지 시스템에 대한 온도제어기의 성능을 검증하였다.

• KEPCO Journal on Electric Power and Energy
• /
• 제2권4호
• /
• pp.589-593
• /
• 2016

미생물연료전지(Microbial Fuel Cell; MFC)는 전기화학활성미생물로 불리는 미생물을 촉매로 이용하여, 유/무기물의 산화환원 반응을 통해서 전기에너지를 생산할 수 있는 장치이다. 단일 MFC에서 발생하는 낮은 전기생산량을 극복하기 위해, 다수의 형태의 MFC를 직렬 또는 병렬로 연결하는 방법이 연구되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 6개의 단위 막전극접합체(Separator Electrode Assembly; SEA)로 구성된 침지평판형과 직립평판형 MFC 스택을 운전하였다. 단위 MFC와 MFC 스택의 전기발생량을 비교하였으며, 이를 통해서 MFC의 최적 스택기술을 확보하기 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자 하였다. 모든 SEA가 산화전극부를 공유하고 있는 침지평판형 MFC의 경우, 직렬과 병렬을 함께 사용할 경우, 단일 연결 방식을 사용하는 것보다 전압의 손실이 더 크게 나타났으며, 단일 연결방법 중 병렬연결 하는 것이 손실을 최소화 할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 직립평판형 MFC의 경우, 산화전극부를 공유하고 있는 SEA만 직렬 연결할 경우에는 전압의 손실이 크게 나타났으며, 산화전극부를 공유하고 있는 SEA간에 병렬 연결 후, 병렬 연결된 SEA를 직렬연결하는 방식이 전압의 손실을 최소화 할 수 있을 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Power Electronics
• /
• 제7권4호
• /
• pp.343-352
• /
• 2007

This paper proposes a modularized charge equalization converter for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) lithium-ion battery cells, in which the intra-module and the inter-module equalizer are Implemented. Considering the high voltage HEV battery pack, over approximately 300V, the proposed equalization circuit modularizes the entire $M^*N$ cells; in other words, M modules in the string and N cells in each module. With this modularization, low voltage stress on all the electronic devices, below roughly 64V, can be obtained. In the intra-module equalization, a current-fed DC/DC converter with cell selection switches is employed. By conducting these selection switches, concentrated charging of the specific under charged cells can be performed. On the other hand, the inter-module equalizer makes use of a voltage-fed DC/DC converter for bi-directional equalization. In the proposed circuit, these two converters can share the MOSFET switch so that low cost and small size can be achieved. In addition, the absence of any additional reset circuitry in the inter-module equalizer allows for further size reduction, concurrently conducting the multiple cell selection switches allows for shorter equalization time, and employing the optimal power rating design rule allows fur high power density to be obtained. Experimental results of an implemented prototype show that the proposed equalization scheme has the promised cell balancing performance for the 7Ah HEV lithium-ion battery string while maintaining low voltage stress, low cost, small size, and short equalization time.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.29-37
• /
• 1996

Alkaline water electrolysis has been commercialized as the only large-scale method for a long time to produce hydrogen and the technology is superior to other methods such as photochemical, thermochemical water splitting, and thermal decomposition method in view of efficiency and related technical problem. However, such conventional electrolyzer do not have high electric efficiency and productivity to apply to large scale hydrogen production for energy or chemical feedstocks. Solid polymer electrolyte water electrolysis using a perfluorocation exchange membrane as an $H^+$ ion conductor is considered to be a promising method, because of capability for operating at high current densities and low cell voltages. So, this is a good technology for the storage of electricity generated by photovoltaic power plants, wind generators and other energy conversion systems. One of the most important R&D topics in electrolyser is how to minimize cell voltage and maximize current density in order to increase the productivity of the electrolyzer. A commercialized technology is the hot press method which the film type electrocatalyst is hot-pressed to soild polymer membrane in order to eliminate the contact resistance. Various technologies, electrocatalyst formed over Nafion membrane surface by means of nonelectrolytic plating process, porous sintered metal(titanium powder) or titanium mesh coated with electrocatalyst, have been studied for preparation of membrane-electrocatalyst composites. In this study some experiments have been conducted at a solid polymer electrolyte water electrolyzer, which consisted of single cell stack with an electrode area of $25cm^2$ in a unipolar arrangement using titanium mesh coated with electrocatalyst.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
• /
• 제20권4호
• /
• pp.300-308
• /
• 2009

In a pursuit of the development of alternative mobile power sources with a high energy density, a planar and air-breathing PEMFCs with a new type of hydrogen cartridge which uses onsite $H_2$ generated from sodium borohydride ($NaBH_4$) hydrolysis have been investigated for use in advanced power systems. Two types of $H_2$ generation through $NaBH_4$ hydrolysis are available: (1) using organic acids such as sulphuric acid, malic acid, and sodium hydrogen carbonate in aqueous solution with solid $NaBH_4$ and (2) using solid selected catalysts such as Pt, Ru, CoB into the stabilized alkaline $NaBH_4$ solution. It might therefore be relevant at this stage to evaluate the relative competitiveness of the two methods mentioned above. The effects of flow rate of stabilized $NaBH_4$ solution, MEA (Membrane Electrode Assembly) improvement, and type and flow control of the catalytic acidic solution have been studied and the cell performances of the planar, air-breathing PEMFCs using $NaBH_4$ has been measured from aspects of power density, fuel efficiency, energy density, and fast response of cell. In our experiments, planar, air-breathing PEMFCs using $NaBH_4$ achieved to maximum power density of 128mW/$cm^2$ at 0.7V and energy efficiency of 46% and has many advantages such as low operating temperature, sustained operation at a high power density, compactness, the potential for low cost and volume, long stack life, fast star-up and suitability for discontinuous operation.

• Current Photovoltaic Research
• /
• 제1권2호
• /
• pp.82-89
• /
• 2013

$Cu_2ZnSnS_4$ thin film have been fabricated by rapid thermal annealing of dc-sputtered metal precursor with Cu/ZnSn/Cu stack in sulfur ambient. A CZTS film with a good uniformity was formed at $560^{\circ}C$ in 6 min. $Cu_2SnS_3$ and $Cu_3SnS_4$ secondary phases were present at $540^{\circ}C$ and a trace amount of $Cu_2SnS_3$ secondary phase was present at $560^{\circ}C$. Single-phase large-grained CZTS film with rough surface was formed at $560^{\circ}C$. Solar cell with best efficiency of 4.7% ($V_{oc}=632mV$, $j_{sc}=15.8mA/cm^2$, FF = 47.13%) for an area of $0.44cm^2$ was obtained for the CZTS absorber grown at $560^{\circ}C$ for 6 min. The existence of second phase at lower-temperature annealing and rough surface at higher-temperature annealing caused the degradation of cell performance. Also poor back contact by void formation deteriorated cell performance. The fill factor was below 0.5; it should be increased by minimizing voids at the CZTS/Mo interface. Our results suggest that CZTS absorbers can be grown by rapid thermal annealing of metallic precursors in sulfur ambient for short process times ranging in minutes.

• 상하수도학회지
• /
• 제30권4호
• /
• pp.449-457
• /
• 2016

In this study, the effectiveness of electrodialysis in removing inorganic arsenic from groundwater was investigated. To evaluate the feasibility of the electrodialysis, operating parameters such as treatment time, feed concentration, applied voltage and superficial velocity were experimentally investigated on arsenic removal. The higher conductivity removal and arsenic removal efficiency were obtained by increasing applied voltages and operation time. An increase of salinity concentrations in arsenic polluted groundwater exerted no effects on the arsenic separation ratios. Arsenic polluted waters were successfully treated with stack voltages of 1.8 ~ 2.4 V/cell-pair to approximately 93.4% of arsenic removal. Increase flow rate in diluate cell gave positive effect to removal rate. However, increase of superficial velocity in the concentrated cell exerted no effects on either the conductivity reduction or on the separation efficiency. Hopefully, this paper will provide direction in selecting appropriate operating conditions of electrodialysis for arsenic removal.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
• /
• 제25권2호
• /
• pp.157-166
• /
• 2017

The Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle(FCEV) is recently evolving into a new trend in the automobile industry due to its relatively higher efficiency and zero greenhouse gas(GHG) emission in the tailpipe, as compared to that of the conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. However, it is important to analyze the whole process of the hydrogen's life cycle(from extraction of feedstock to vehicle operation) in order to evaluate the environmental impact of introducing FCEV upon recognizing that the hydrogen fuel, which is used in the fuel cell stack, is not directly available from nature, but instead, it should be produced from naturally available resources. Among the various hydrogen production methods, ${\sim}54.1%^{8)}$ of marketed hydrogen in Korea is produced from naphtha cracking process in the petrochemical industry. Therefore, in this study, we performed a well-to-wheels(WTW) analysis on the hydrogen fuel cycle for the FCEV application by using the GREET program from the US Argonne National Laboratory with Korean specific data. As a result, the well-to-tank and well-to-wheel GHG emissions of the FCEV are calculated as 45,638-51,472 g $CO_2eq/GJ$ and 65.0-73.4 g $CO_2eq/km$, respectively