• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.355-366
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• 2018

One of the significant problems in the design of onshore pipelines in seismic areas is their stability in case of liquefaction. Several model tests and numerical analyses allow investigating the behavior of pipelines when the phenomenon of liquefaction occurs. While experimental tests contribute significantly toward understanding the liquefaction mechanism, they are costly to perform compared to numerical analyses; on the other hand, numerical analyses are difficult to execute, because of the complexity of the soil behavior in case of liquefaction. This paper reports an overview of the existing computational methods to evaluate the stability of onshore pipelines in liquefied soils, with particular attention to the development of excess pore water pressures and the floatation of buried structures. The review includes the illustration of the mechanism of floating and the description of the available calculation methods that are classified in static and dynamic approaches. We also highlighted recent trends in numerical analyses. Moreover, for the static condition, referring to the American Petroleum Institute (API) Specification, we computed and compared the uplift safety factors in different cases that might have a relevant practical use.

• Journal of Ship and Ocean Technology
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.12-22
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• 2002

Offshore pipelines play an important role in the transportation of gas, oil, water and oil products. It is common to have a group of pipelines in the oil and gas field. To reduce the installation cost and time, dual pipelines are designed. There are great advantages in the installation of dual pipelines over two separate single lines. It can greatly reduce the cost for trench, back-filling and installation. However the installation of dual pipelines often requires technical challenges. Pipelines should be placed to be stable against external loadings during installation and design life period. Dual pipelines in trench can reduce the influence of external forces. To investigate the flow patterns and forces as trench depth and slope changes, number of experiments are conducted with PIV(Particle Image Velocimetry) equipment in a Circulating Water Channel. Numerical approaches to simulate experimental conditions are also made to compare with experimental results. The velocity fields around dual pipelines in trench are investigated and analysed. Comparison of both results show similar patterns of flow around pipelines. It is proved that the trench depth contributes significantly on hydrodynamic stability. The trench slope also affects the pipeline stability. The results can be applied in the stability design of dual pipelines in trench section. The complex flow patterns can be effectively linked in the understanding of fluid motions around multi-circular bodies in trench.

• 한국해양공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양공학회 2001년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.122-127
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• 2001

As pipelines are often used to transport gas, oil, water and oil products, there are more than one pipeline installed in the offshore field. The size and space of pipelines are various depending on the design specifications. The pipelines are to be designed and installed to secure the stability to external loads during the installation and operation period. The flow patterns are very complex around the pipelines being dependent on incoming flow velocity, pipelines size and space. To investigate the flow patterns, number of experiment are conducted with visualization equipment in a circulating water channel. The flow motion and trajectory were recorded from the laser reflected particles by camera. From the experiment the flow patterns around spaced pipelines were obtained. Also pressure gradient was measured by mano-meter to estimate the hydrodynamic forces on the behind pipeline. The results show that the various sizes and spaces can be affected in the estimation of external load. The complex flow patterns and pressure gradients can be effectively used in the understanding of flow motion and pressure gradient.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.227-243
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• 2015

In this paper, the effects of nonlinear soft clay on dynamic embedment of offshore pipeline were investigated. Seabed embedment by pipe-soil interactions has impacts on the structural boundary conditions for various subsea structures such as pipeline, riser, pile, and many other systems. A number of studies have been performed to estimate real soil behavior, but their estimation of seabed embedment has not been fully identified and there are still many uncertainties. In this regards, comparison of embedment between field survey and existing empirical models has been performed to identify uncertainties and investigate the effect of nonlinear soil parameter on dynamic embedment. From the comparison, it is found that the dynamic embedment with installation effects based on nonlinear soil model have an influence on seabed embedment. Therefore, the pipe embedment under dynamic condition by nonlinear parameters of soil models was investigated by Dynamic Embedment Factor (DEF) concept, which is defined as the ratio of the dynamic and static embedment of pipeline, in order to overcome the gap between field embedment and currently used empirical and numerical formula. Although DEF through various researches is suggested, its range is too wide and it does not consider dynamic laying effect. It is difficult to find critical parameters that are affecting to the embedment result. Therefore, the study on dynamic embedment factor by soft clay parameters of nonlinear soil model was conducted and the sensitivity analyses about parameters of nonlinear soil model were performed as well. The tendency on dynamic embedment factor was found by conducting numerical analyses using OrcaFlex software. It is found that DEF was influenced by shear strength gradient than other factors. The obtained results will be useful to understand the pipe embedment on soft clay seabed for applying offshore pipeline designs such as on-bottom stability and free span analyses.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.287-297
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• 2014

It is important to predict chlorine decay with different water purification processes and distribution pipeline materials, especially because chlorine decay is in direct relationship with the stability of water quality. The degree of chlorine decay may affect the water quality at the end of the pipeline: it may produce disinfection by-products or cause unpleasant odor and taste. Sand filtrate and dual media filtrate were used as influents in this study, and cast iron (CI), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and stainless steel (SS) were used as pipeline materials. The results were analyzed via chlorine decay models by comparing the experimental and model parameters. The models were then used to estimate rechlorination time and chlorine decay time. The results indicated that water quality (e.g. organic matter and alkalinity) and pipeline materials were important factors influencing bulk decay and sand filtrate exhibited greater chlorine decay than dual media filtrate. The two-component second-order model was more applicable than the first decay model, and it enabled the estimation of chlorine decay time. These results are expected to provide the basis for modeling chlorine decay of different water purification processes and pipeline materials.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.201-205
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• 2015

극지와 해양에서 파이프라인은 최저 약 $-40^{\circ}C$의 매우 낮은 극한 온도에 노출된다. 이 경우 내부 유체는 상온에서와는 다른 유동특성을 나타내며, 3차원 유동해석을 통해 극한온도에 의한 내부유체의 압력, 온도, 속도, 액적분포 등의 특성 변화를 분석해야 한다. 또한 영하의 온도로 인해 내부 유체의 액적이 응결되며, 이로 인해 곡관부에서 충돌침식이 발생할 것으로 예상된다. 이러한 충돌침식은 장기간 운용되는 자원 이송망 등의 파이프라인의 안정성에 영향을 준다. 본 논문에서는 다성분 다상 유동 해석을 통해 극한 온도조건의 극지 및 해양 파이프라인에서 내부유체의 유동특성 및 충돌 침식에 대한 분석을 수행하였다.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.203-210
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• 2009

가스배관이 매설된 지역에서 지면고에 변화가 발생하는 공사 수행시 가스배관의 안정성을 확보하기 위한 위치이동을 수행한다. 본 논문에서는 위치이동에 따른 배관의 구조해석을 위한 모델링 방법의 최적화와 함께 위치이동의 단계별 발생 응력을 실시간으로 예측하기 위한 방법을 제안하였다. 모델링 방법으로는 요소의 종류와 크기, 배관 매설부의 경계조건 처리 방법, 세장비에 의한 기하학적 비선형 특성 등의 영향에 관하여 분석하였으며 정확성을 확보하면서 해석 효율을 높일 수 있는 조건을 구하였다. 배관의 응력 예측을 위해서는 위치이동의 수 단계에 발생하는 배관위치 및 최대응력 정보를 이용하여 인공신경망을 학습시켰으며 학습 후 세부 이동단계별 배관의 위치와 최대응력을 예측할 수 있도록 하였다. 개발된 응력예측시스템은 윈도우 환경의 프로그램으로 개발하였다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.47-58
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• 2004

강관은 Northridge 지진이 발생했을 당시 산사태가 일어나는 언덕이나 산악지역에 매설되어 있었다. 본 논문은 지리정보체계(GIS) 시스템에서 위치에 따라 강관을 서로 다른 유형별로 분류하고 정의하였다. 이 논문은 지반속도와 강관의 손상관계를 분석하고 Northridge 지진 시 발생한 산사태의 영향을 받았던 지역을 조사하였다. 하나의 주목할 만한 사실은 Northridge 지진 후 강관의 손상률이 다른 종류의 매설관, 특히 캐스트아이런(CI)보다 더 높았다는 것이다. Northridge 지진으로 인한 상대적으로 높은 강관의 손상률은 가장 큰 내부압력을 요하는 곳에서의 설치관례와 부식으로 인한 영향으로 해석될 수 있다.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.189-202
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• 2019

During thermal power coal-fired boiler operation, it is very important to detect the pulverized coal concentration in the air pipeline for the boiler combustion stability and economic security. Because the current measurement methods used by power plants are often involved with large measurement errors and unable to monitor the pulverized coal concentration in real-time, a new method is needed. In this paper, a new method based on microwave circular waveguide is presented. High Frequency Electromagnetic Simulation (HFSS) software was used to construct a simulation model for measuring pulverized coal concentration in power plant pipeline. Theoretical analysis and simulation experiments were done to find the effective microwave emission frequency, installation angle, the type of antenna probe, antenna installation distance and other important parameters. Finally, field experiment in Jilin Thermal Power Plant proved that with selected parameters, the measuring device accurately reflected the changes in the concentration of pulverized coal.

• 한국해양공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양공학회 2000년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.13-17
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• 2000

해저관로가 노출되어 있을 경우 파도와 조류 등에 의한 외적 하중으로부터 안정적이어야 한다. 트랜치 구간 내의 해저관로에 작용하는 유체 입자의 속도와 가속도는 해저면과 비교하여 볼 때 현저히 감소하므로 감쇄 계수를 사용하여 트랜치 구간 내에 설치되는 해저관로의 안정성을 해석한다. 그러나, 다양한 트랜치 구간의 깊이와 기울기에 대한 감쇄 계수에 대해 많은 자료가 부족하여 실제 설계에는 한정된 계수들이 이용된다. 본 논문에서는 다양한 깊이와 기울기를 가진 트랜치 구간의 실험 모형을 제작하여 회류 수조에서 P.I.V(입자 영상 속도계) 기법을 이용하여 여러 속도에 대하여 실험을 수행하였다. 다양한 트랜치 구간 내의 실린더 주변의 유동 특성과 유체 입자의 수평 속도를 측정하여 항력 감쇄 계수를 산출해 냈으며 실제 해양 공사에서 적용 가능한 안정성 해석 기준을 제시하였다.