• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.186-191
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• 2009

An electron beam or gamma-rays(0-5 kGy) were applied to two popular commercial sprout seeds, those of radish and red cabbage, and both physiological and microbiological qualities during germination were examined. Total bacterial counts of radish and red cabbage seeds were 5.02 and 2.86 log CFU/g, respectively, and were reduced by 2-3 logs after irradiation, but nonirradiated and irradiated samples showed similar microbial populations on day 5 after germination, although day 3 levels of irradiated samples were $23{\pm}2%$ lower. Coliforms were absent in both seed types. However, they were detected from the first day of germination, and rose to 4-5 log CFU/g on the fifth day. Coliforms were reduced by about 1-2 log CFU/g in 1 kGy-irradiated samples and were absent in the samples irradiated at 3 kGy. Irradiation at 1 and 3 kGy decreased germination by about 7% and 18%, respectively. Sprout yield and length were also significantly affected by irradiation, with no apparent difference between samples treated with the electron beam and gamma-rays.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1142-1149
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• 1996

This study was conducted to determine changes in th contents and composition of dietary fiber during the growth of soybean sprout. Soybean was soaked in water at $25^{\circ}C$ for 2hrs and cultivated at 2$0^{\circ}C$ for 7 days under dark condition. The soybean sprouts were divided into cotyledon and axis and sampled every 24hrs. The analysis methodlogies used were Van Soest's NDF, AOAC's ADF and lignin and Prosky's IDF, SDF, TDF. The weight of 100 sprouts increased gradually from 20.26g to 90.12g during the growth periods. The weight increased to 344.9% of the original weight. The germination rate was 100% after soaking at $25^{\circ}C$ for 2hrs. Root length increased gradualy from 0.6cm at 1st day to 17.2cm at 7th day. The crude ash and crude fat contents showed no significant change in the cotyledon and axis. The crude protein contents increased in the cotyledon and axis, whereas the total carbohydrate content didn't have general tendency. The insoluble dietary fiber(IDF), soluble dietary fiber(SDF) and total dietary fiber(TDF) contents of cotyledon were no significantly different from 20.01%, 1.45%, 21.46% at 1st day to 22.75%, 2.07%, 24.82% at 7th day on dry basis. In axis those contents increased from 23.19%, 1.97%, 25.16% at 1st day to 32.78%, 3.02%, 35.80% at 7th day, respectively. The neutral detergent fiber(NDF) contents of cotyledon and axis increased from 4.35% to 6.39% and from 6.44% to 26.60% respectively on dry basis. The acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents of cotyledon and axis increased from 2.84% to 4.91% and from 2.5% to 4.7%, but there were no significantly different in the hemicellulose and lignin contents on dry basis. The hemicellulose and lignin contents of axis increased with culture periods from 1.70% to 4.41% and from 0.20% to 2.11%, respectively. The cellulose contents increased from 4.54% to 20.35% on dry basis.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.242-245
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• 2003

Buckwheat contains dietary rutin, a flavonol glycoside, which is able to antagonize hypertension in human and has antioxidant activity. Monacolin K, a secondary metabolite produced by fungi Monascus species, is an effective specific inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis. To develop functional health food, dehulled buckwheat was fermented with Manascus ruber to produce Anka, and contents of rutin and monacolin K and Anka were determined. The rutin content in dehulled buckwheat decreased slightly after germination, but increased with the growth of sprout. Growth of fungi had no influence on rutin content in dehulled buckwheat Anka, Monacolin K content in fermented dehulled buckwheat malt was lower than that in dehulled buckwheat Anka. Monacolin K content in dehulled buckwheat Anka decreased with increasing length of sprout in fermented dehulled buckwheat malt, probably due to consumption of nutrients, such as polysaccharides as carbon sources, during sprouting for growth of M. ruber.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.431-433
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• 2011

Alginate microfibers were fabricated by self assembly of alginate monomers exuded from alginate beads (~2 mm in diameter) containing calcium phosphate. Upon incubation of the beads in cell culture medium at $37^{\circ}C$ for a few days, fibers with a diameter of about $7{\mu}m$ started to sprout from the bead surface, and these grew up to about 10 mm in length, resulting in the beads being covered with fiber forests similar to chestnut bur. The combined system of the alginatebased microfiber forest and bead is considered to be useful as a novel 3-dimensional scaffold for cell culture and tisssue growth.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.159-168
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• 2013

The study was conducted to determine the content of phenolics and flavonoids, antioxidant activity and antioxidant enzyme activity for the extract from 7 days old sprouts of cowpea (cv. "Seowon"), mungbean (cv. "Owool") and soybean (cv. "Pungsannamulkong"). Sprout length and weight of soybean sprouts were higher than those of cowpea and mungbean sprouts. Total phenolics content [mg ferulic acid equivalents (FAE) $kg^{-1}$ DW] was highest in soybean sprout extracts (82.2 mg $kg^{-1}$), followed by cowpea (32.2 mg $kg^{-1}$) and mungbean (24.5 mg $kg^{-1}$) sprout extracts (p < 0.05). The result of total flavonoid level [mg rutin equivalents $kg^{-1}$ DW] had same tendency to the total phenolics, showing lower amounts. The antioxidant activity of the methanol extracts from all the plant dose-dependently increased. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical) free radical scavenging activity was higher in cowpea (44%) and mungbean (42%) sprouts than in soybean sprouts (25%). Among antioxidant enzymes, APX and POX activities were highest in cowpea sprouts and CAT and SOD activities in soybean sprouts. The results showed that total phenolics content ($r^2$ = 0.5320 ~ 0.9032) and total flavonoids level ($r^2$ = 0.4672 ~ 0.9380) were highly correlated with antioxidant or with antioxidant enzyme activity, and that the level and activity of biologically active substances were different depending on plant species.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.427-431
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• 2002

Lateral roots of soybean sprout might reduce the quality. The study was done to measure the effect of light quality treated during 24 hour imbibition or 6 day culture on growth and development of soybean sprouts on the 6th day after culture. With the soybean seeds imbibed in 4 ppm benzyladenopurine (BA) solution for last 6 hours of the imbibition, blue and red lights were treated during the imbibition, but during 6 day culture, blue and red or far-red light treatments were done for 50 minutes or 5 hours a day, respectively, the periods taking for their cotyledons to turn green color, On the 6th day after culture, the soybean sprouts were classified by 4 categories on the base of hypocotyl length;＞7cm, 4 to 7cm, ＜4cm and non-germination, and their lateral roots, hypocotyl diameters and fraction dry weights were measured. Blue and red lights treated during the imbibition completely blocked lateral root formation regardless of the lights treated during the culture, and showed nearly the same rate of hypocotyls of longer than 4cm. The period of each light treatment forced during the culture did not influence the growth of soybean sprouts. far-red light treated for 5 hours everyday, however, had the least rate of seed germination and hypocotyls of longer than 7cm of the light quality treatments. In addition, red and far-red lights almost equally having the commercial soybean sprouts of longer than 4cm hypocotyls move elongated and selenderized than blue light and dark treatment, meaning the growth and morphology of soybean sprouts was affected by light treatments during the culture.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.482-486
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• 2004

Benzyladenopurine (BA), a synthetic chemical commonly used for bean sprout culture, should be minimized for wellbeing foods or not be applied. The study was done to check the effect of different BA concentrations treated during 5 hour imbibition on growth and morphological characters of mungbean sprouts. The mungbean seeds of 3 cultivars (Keumseongnogdu, Owoolnogdu, and Zhong Lu 1) were imbibed for 5 hours in the solutions with different BA concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm) before 3 hour aeration. On the 6th day after culture, the mungbean sprouts were classified by 4 categories on the base of hypocotyl length; > 7cm, 4 to 7cm, < 4cm, and non-germination, and their morphological characters, fresh and dry weights were measured. Regardless of cultivars the composition rate of hypocotyls of longer than 7cm was decreased with increased BA concentration over 50 ppm while the reverse result was true in the rate of shorter than 4cm. In the rate of 4 to 7cm. cv. Owoolnogdu showed the highest rate in its 50 ppm concentration although cv. Keumseongnogdu and Zhong Lu 1 showed similar result to the above two rates. Formation rate and its number of lateral roots were largely changed around 50 ppm concentration but the roots was not formed in over its 75 ppm concentration. Hypocotyl and root lengths of all the cultivars were shortened with increased BA concentration. In the diameter of middle part of hypocotyl, 3 cultivars showed nearly the same responses as the rate of 4 to 7cm hypocotyls. Hypocotyl and total fresh weights per sprout were heavier in BA treated sprouts than in no treated ones but the weights of the former sprouts were not influenced by its different concentrations.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.232-237
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• 2003

Benzyladenopuyine (BA) commonly used for soybean sprout production is of high price. The study was carried out to determine the effect of BA treatment time during seed imbibition on growth and development of soybean sprouts and to analyse its treatment cost. The soybean seeds of 4 cultivars were soaked in 4 ppm BA solution during the first 5.5 hour imbibition (EFHI), the second 5.5 hour imbibition (SFHI) immediately after 0.5 hour aeration, or whole 11.0 hour imbibition (WFHI) intervened by aeration. On the 6th day after culture, the soybean sprouts were classified into 4 categories on the base of hypocotyl length; ＞ 7cm, 4 to 7cm, ＜ 4 cm and not germinated, and their morphological characters, fresh and dry weights were measured. Water absorption of the seeds was sharply reduced after it was almost done for the first 5.5 hours. The percentage of sprouts with hypocotyls of longer than 4cm was higher in FFHI treatment than in the other two ones. Regardless of BA imbibition time and periods, the lateral roots were not observed. WFHI treatment showed shorter hypocotyl and root lengths but thicker hypocotyl and hook diameters than FFHI and SFHI treatments. All component fresh and dry weights except cotyledon fresh weight were nearly same. Treatment cost of BA was the lowest in SFHI treatment. It is concluded that BA treatment during SFHI is the best time because its treatment time did not affect sprout growth but its treatment cost.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.204-208
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• 2006

Soybean sprout decay during its culture should be one of serious problems. The study was carried out to clarify the effect of water imbibition and acetic acid treatments on growth and morphological characters of the soybean sprouts. The soybean seeds of 3 cultivars (cv. Eunhakong, Pungsannamulkong and Junjery) imbibed in pure water or 0.l% acetic acid for 3 minutes before soaked for 6 hours into 1 ppm BA solution and aerated for 3 hours immediately before 6 day culture. On the 6th day, the sprouts were classified into 4 categories on the base of hypocotyl length; > 7cm, 4 to 7cm, > 4cm and not germinated and seed floating rate, their morphological characters, fresh fraction weights and productivity were measured. The best water imbibition for seed cleaning was to soak the seeds for 5 minutes and then to aerate soak them for 40 minutes. In Pungsannamulkong and Junjery, percentage of the sprouts with hypocotyls of longer than 4 cm was higher in water imbibition than in acetic acid treatment for seed disinfection although in Eunhakong there was no significant difference between the two treatments. Eunhakong and Junjery had greater lateral root formation rate and its number per sprout in water imbibition than in acetic acid treatment but Pungsannamulkong showed reverse result. Eunhakong and Pungsannamulkong, furthermore, had more total fresh weight in acetic acid treatment than in water imbibition but Junjery showed reverse result, although there was no significant difference between the two treatments in productivity of mass production system.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.63-68
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• 2015

This study was conducted to find out optimum cultivars, and growth temperature and stage in peanut sprout for resveratrol production. Morphological characteristic, days to 50% of the final germination percentage($T_{50}$) and early growth vigor were measured in 8 different peanut varieties. In result 'Jopyeong' appeared to be the most appropriate cultivar for peanut production because of its lower contamination rate, lesser lateral root formation, and thicker hypocotyl length. Optimum temperature for growing peanut sprouts was determined 27. Content of resveratrol was examined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) to investigate appropriate growth stage of peanut sprouts for resveratrol production. Resveratrol was higher than $17.0{\mu}g/g$ in peanuts sprouts 9 days after plating. Considering peanut sprout's shapes and content of resveratrol into account, it was most appropriate to harvest in 9-day after germination.