• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2009

As products are getting more diverse and new products are entering the market faster, customers have trouble learning how to use them. User-oriented menu structures may solve this problem. In order to design user-oriented menu structures, spreading activation theory has been studied. The spreading activation test shows that the strong associative relationship between words has shorter response times. Based on the spreading activation test, asymmetric spreading activation was introduced and a hypothesis that in a well-designed menu structure, association between upper-low menu pairs is not affected by an activation direction was tested for this study. In this study the menu of a cellular phone (Model: SPH-w2900) was extracted, and underwent 1st spreading activation tests. Then, on each menu pair, response time differences (asymmetric transition) by accuracy and directions were analyzed to find out problems in labels and improve menu structures and vocabulary. Second spreading activation tests were conducted to check whether asymmetric transitions decreased. The results showed that response time differences (asymmetric transition) for activation directions were found to be dropped significantly. Asymmetric transitions in spreading activation presented in this study will be helpful to define user-oriented menu structures.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.135-142
• /
• 2007

Icon conveys symbolic information which they have become ubiquitous as main element of GUI. However, users often cannot intuitively understand its functional meanings. Icon has to be designed for users to easily understand functional meanings. In order to evaluate icon, the spreading activation model can be used to effectively understand the process of information retrieval. In asymmetric spreading activation model is that in the two nodes the degree of spreading activation is different according to direction. Thus, asymmetric spreading activation theory was performed evaluating the strength of association when users see visual image to associate their verbal meaning (visual image - verbal meaning pair) and users see verbal meaning to associate their visual image (verbal meaning - visual image pair). According to the direction, this study hypothesizes that the well-designed icons have symmetric relationship rather than asymmetric relationship between the two pairs. The strength of association is measured through the reaction time and the accuracy rate. In performing SAT (spreading activation test), the ten icons were selected as word processing software icons. After first SAT, newly designed icons were developed based on Korean mental model, and second SAT was conducted using them. The results showed that the accuracy rate of newly designed icon has been improved. Also there is significant difference of reaction time between current icons and newly designed icons. Well-designed icon is confirmed that the strength of association relationship arises symmetrically rather than asymmetrically between the two pairs. User centered icons could be designed by improving the strength of association between the two pairs. Asymmetric SAT evaluates the strength of the association between the visual image and the verbal meanings to contribute to the development of icon which it related to human's association structure.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.17-26
• /
• 2004

In this study, the usability evaluation of a menu-structure was performed using spreading activation model with respect to human's memory retrieval. Spreading Activation Model is effectively used to understand the process of information retrieval, so it can be used as a theoretical background for modeling of the process of human's information retrieval. For spreading activation test (SAT), subjects were presented with 67 pairs of menu titles, which consist of a menu title in the high level menu item and a menu title for the next lower level menu item, from Korea University's web site. For performance tests, three scenarios were developed with longer reaction times and ambiguous associations found in the SAT to reflect the existing problems of the website. As a result, the SAT was found to bean effective tool to enhance the website usability because the SAT could bea substitute for the performance test with a high correlation $({\rho}=0.735,\;{\alpha}=0.05)$. After remaining menu titles with slow reaction times and ambiguous associations found in SAT, the website usability was significantly improved with faster reaction times and less ambiguous associations proven with smaller number of web-page visits. Therefore, the SAT could be used as a methodology to design and evaluate the user-centered menu structure related to human's association structure.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.103-112
• /
• 2007

This study was designed to validate Spreading Activation Theory (SAT) for an evaluation methodology for menu structure through Eye-Tracking approach. When a visual search is on the way, more eye fixations and time are necessary to visually process complex and vague area. From the aspect of recognition, well-designed menu structures were hypothesized to have fewer numbers of fixations and shorter duration because well-designed menu structures reflecting the users' mental model would be well matched with the product's menu structure, resulting in reducing the number of fixations and duration time. The results show that the shorter reaction times for SAT had significantly fewer numbers of fixation and shorter duration time as the hypothesis for this study stated. In conclusion, SAT was proved to be an effective evaluation methodology for menu structure with the eye tracking equipment. In addition, using SAT instead of the real performance experiment would be useful for designing user-centered systems and convenient information structures because SAT was proven to be the theoretical background for design and evaluation of menu structures.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2001.10a
• /
• pp.146.1-146
• /
• 2001

The researches of science and engineering need the latest information from internet resources. But searching and filtering processes of appropriate web documents from huge internet resources are very complex as well as having some repeated procedures. In this paper, I propose a Personalized Agent System(PAS), which can filter World Wide Web Documents that the user is interested, such as papers. To do this, PAS uses a modified spreading activation neural network which 1 propose here. PAS observes the user´s local paper database to analyze, adapt and learn the user interests, and the then constructs the user-specified neural network model by the analyzed interests ...

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
• /
• 2010.06c
• /
• pp.16-21
• /
• 2010

잠재 의미를 색인하는 것은 문서 색인에 있어서 그 색인 품질에 주요한 요인을 차지한다. 본 논문에서 살펴보는 의미 확산 방법은 문서 집합에 나타나는 단어들의 의미적 연관성을 바탕으로 활성화 작용 모델(spreading activation model)을 구축하고 색인 대상 문서의 단어 분포를 출발점으로 삼아, 그 모델 안에서 의미적으로 수렴할 수 있도록 랜덤 워크 방법(random walk method)1)을 수정한 변형 방법을 이용해 확률을 확산시킨다. 이 방법은 단어 사이의 연관성을 따라 탐색하며 동의어와 다의어 등 단순 단어 일치로는 알 수 없는 의미적 유사 단어들이 의미 있는 확률 분포를 갖게 한다. 이는 단어들의 의미 분포를 가중치 그래프를 통해 보다 합리적으로 다루게 된다. 실험에서는 문서 분류를 시행하여 평균 정확도 및 정확도-재현율 곡선을 산출하였고, 비교 실험을 통해서 전반적인 우수성을 관찰할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.51-73
• /
• 2003

The success of 2002 Korea Japan Worldcup became a good opportunity to give the message of revival to the people of Korea. With the effect of it, the national brand image has risen. Nevertheless, in order to maximize the chance of time, the most necessary thing that need to be done is to find the strategic counterproposal of the Post Worldcup. Especially, to find the more active plan in the respect of economy. In this research, we have studied the IT industry(especially SI industry) of the economy in order to look into the strategic counterproposal to get the development effect after the Worldcup. We mainly analyzed the SI industry in the respect of economy, because it is not only a high-value added industry of the integration of knowledge and technology but also a high-tech industry which has a spreading effect on the related industries. To implement the analysis of SI industry, derive and verify the strategy, and get the activating plan, we studied with 4 stages. Firstly, analyze the exterior environment and the interior strength with the Competitive Strategy Model(Specially, 7 Force Model & Value Chain Model). Secondly, get the strategy with SWOT analysis. Thirdly, verify the Strategy with interview and survey. Fourthly, classify the SI industry activation plan into 5 kinds after Worldcup through panel discussion and seminar with the data which we got through interview and survey.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2007.02b
• /
• pp.15-20
• /
• 2007

본 연구는 시선 추적 방법(Eye-Tracking Method)을 이용한 디지털 컨버전스 제품의 정보 설계 및 평가에 관한 방법론을 제시하였다. Eye-tracking 데이터는 visual search의 효율성 뿐 아니라 타겟의 유의미성이나 가시성등을 측정하는데 유익하다. 응시 횟수와 응시 시간을 통하여 사용자의 심성 모형에 따른 시선 행위와 제품 메뉴 구조간의 전체적인 일치도를 정량적으로 분석하였고, 각 메뉴 item의 세부적인 인지 반응 정도를 평가하였다. 컨버전스 제품의 한 예로 휴대폰을 선정하여 실험을 실시하였으며, 활성화 확산 실험(SAT)을 수행하여 메뉴 항목 상호간의 인지반응 정도를 통한 문제점을 도출한 후 사용자 시나리오를 작성하였다. 1차 테스트를 통하여 피실험자의 시나리오 수행 시 어려움을 알 수 있었으며, 1차 테스트의 결과와 인터뷰 결과를 바탕으로 프로토타입의 메뉴명을 개선하여 2차 테스트를 실시하였다. 실험 결과 개선 전보다 후의 응시 횟수, 응시 시간 또한 감소하여 수행도가 향상됨으로 메뉴 구조의 개선된 결과를 가져왔다. 본 연구는 인간의 눈 움직임 측정치 결과를 토대로 사용자 심성 모형에 부합하여 누구나 접근이 쉬운 정보 구조를 설계할 수 있었다. 그러므로 본 연구에서 제시하는 Eye-tracking Method는 디지털 컨버전스로 인한 복잡한 정보 구조의 설계와 평가에 기여할 것으로 보인다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
• /
• v.17 no.11
• /
• pp.1156-1166
• /
• 2004

Antimony profiles by MeV implantation are measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and spreading resistance (SR). The moments of SIMS and simulated profiles are calculated and compared for the exact range in MeV energy. SRIM, DUPEX, ICECREM, and TSUPREM4 simulation programs are used for the calculation of range 1D, 2D. SRIM is a Monte Carlo simulation program and different inter-atomic potentials can be used for the calculation of nuclear stopping power cross-section (Sn) and range moments. Nevertheless, the range parameters were not influenced from nuclear stopping power in MeV. Through the modification of electronic stopping power cross-section (Se), the results of simulation are remarkably improved and matched very well with SIMS data. The values of electronic stopping power are optimized for Sb high energy implantation. For the electrical activation, Sb implanted samples are annealed under $N_2$ and $O_2$ ambient. Finally, Oxidation retard diffusion(ORD) effect of Sb implanted sample are demonstrated by SR measurements and ICECREM simulation.

• Archives of design research
• /
• v.18 no.4 s.62
• /
• pp.85-94
• /
• 2005

The purpose of this research is the activation proposal about the local design innovation center that was established as a national design policy For this proposal, I have to research about the established process of local design innovation center and then, I analyzed the present condition of local design innovation center for the promoting plan. As a result, we must establish three basic elements to activate the local design center. the first, we have to know the local characteristic. the second, we have to make up the management direction of local design center the third, we have to get the sympathy from the local administration and local people for the positive support. With above conditions, the local design innovation center have to arrange infra elements. (1) design developing facilities for the lending to the local designer, (2) professional designer for the developing of design industry, (3) program development for various activities, (4) the trend research for supply to local company, (5) design one stop service support, (6) the network foundation construction between design administration and design company for the active communication, (7) the innovation of design center for the benefit model, (8) the local design policy establishment with local administration, (9) the independent management of responsibility for the fulfillment For the promotion of the local design innovation center have to make efforts continually with below listed elements. 1. Design supporting for the local industry 2. Various design campaign for the spreading of public recognition about design 3. The supporting for design company and local company with established facilities and expensive equipments. 4. The construction of design information infra for local company 5. The development of new program about the connection between industry and university. 6. The development of local characteristic and local image innovation to make new local where we are.