• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.80-98
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• 2008

In the past, the purpose of urban landscape planning was to beautify cities. Now, that is changing as cities with their own characteristic identities and images are focusing on the making of livable cities. The subject of international competition is turning from a country objective to that of individual cities. To increase the attraction of the urban image will, therefore, be the most important and urgent policy in all cities. A city without global competitiveness will be demoted to a sub-city. This study intends to suggest strategic ways to improve the urban image suitable for Korean cities by the analysis and classification of the advanced cases in other countries. This study can be summarized as follows: 1. The image of cities is promoted by diverse strategies such as establishing landmarks, making meaningful places, hosting festivals and sports events, and making cultural policies. These strategies can be classified by three factors: the landscape and ecological factor, the historical and cultural factor, and the administrative and economic factor. 2. Korean cities are making efforts to promote their images through a variety of ways. Mega cities in Korea are steadily carrying out projects to use the administrative and economic factor such as expanding the infrastructure, supporting enterprises, advertising and marketing with accumulated capital. However, local small cities mainly depend on festivals and simple events or programs that are of interest but which lack characteristic identity. 3. Cities of advanced western countries are upgrading their images by finding and applying strategic methods to reflect characteristic identity and to keep in step with the changes of the times. On the other hand, cities in Japan try to promote urban image with traditional native festivals and with the making of livable places based on resident participation. The central government in Korea needs to establish a master plan considering the regional balance to improve the image of each city. Local governments should carry out these diverse strategic methods. The task after benchmarking advanced cities with beautiful landscapes will be to find an 'All-Korean Style' and apply it to cities with characteristic image.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.227-260
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• 2018

Recently, as the use of drones increases, the risk of drone accidents and third-party property damage is also increasing. In Korea, due to the recent increase in drone use, accidents have been frequently reported in the media. The number of reports from citizens, and military and police calls regarding illegal or inappropriate drone use has also been increasing. Drone operators may be responsible for paying damages to third parties due to drone accidents, and are liable for paying settlements due to illegal video recording. Therefore, it is necessary to study the idea of providing drone insurance, which can mitigate the liability and risk caused by drone accidents. In the US, comprehensive housing insurance covers damages caused by recreational drones around the property. In the UK, when a drone accident occurs, the drone owner or operator bears strict liability. Also, in the UK, drone insurance joining obligation depends on the weight of the drones and their intended use. In Germany, in the event of personal or material damage, drone owner bears strict liability as long as their drone is registered as an aircraft. Germany also requires by law that all drone owners carry liability insurance. In Korea, insurance is required only for "ultra-light aircraft use businesses, airplane rental companies and leisure sports businesses," where the aircraft is "paid for according to the demand of others." Therefore, it can be difficult to file claims for third party damages caused by unmanned aerial vehicles in personal use. Foreign insurance companies are selling drone insurance that covers a variety of damages that can occur during drone accidents. Some insurance companies in Korea also have developed and sell drone insurance. However, the premiums are very high. In addition, drone insurance that addresses specific problems related to drone accidents is also lacking. In order for drone insurance to be viable, it is first necessary to reduce the insurance premiums or rates. In order to trim the excess cost of drone insurance premiums, drone flight data should be accessible to the insurance company, possibly provided by the drone pilot project. Finally, in order to facilitate claims by third parties, it is necessary to study how to establish specific policy language that addresses drone weight, location, and flight frequency.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.137-166
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• 2020

While South Koreans overseas travelling rate has been increased every year, domestic travelling rate has been at a standstill for several years. The purpose of this study is to analyze domestic traveling styles of Koreans according to their generations in order to provide generation-specific traveling services. For this purpose, we categorized the survey respondents into four different generations, which are Millennium (age 19~34), X generation (35~54), Baby Boomer (55~64) and senior by following the criterions of the Korea National Tourism Organization. After then, we analyze factors related to travel preparation process, the actual traveling activities and satisfaction after the travel. In this study, 16,713 data collected by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism are used. The results of this study show that Korean people tends to acquire domestic traveling information from their own or acquaintances past experiences. Also, they do not prefer the organized trip for domestic travels, thus do not buy package products a lot. In addition, natural scenery, rich in cultural heritage, and convenient accommodation are the most important determinant factors affecting the overall travel satisfaction of level for all generations. The traveling characteristics for each generation are as follows. Millennium get traveling information from the internet a lot, and more specifically, they refer portal sites and social network services (SNS) in many cases. Also, they tend to travel in summer peak season to popular destinations and pursues active traveling experiences. Generation X has similar traveling patterns with Millennium, however they major transportation method is using their own car. Also, transportation convenience and satisfactory leisure activity are important factors affecting the overall satisfaction level to Generation X. On the other hand, Baby boomer generation has a greater emphasis on appreciation of nature, visiting famous restaurants, and relaxation, rather than actively participating experiencing programs. They travel evenly in summer and spring/fall season to many different areas instead of focusing on popular tourist spots. In addition, shopping and eating delicious food are the important factors affecting the overall satisfaction level for them. Lastly, Senior generation has similar characteristics with Baby boomer in many ways, however, they travel a lot on the same day using public transportations or car rental service. They prefer spring and autumn trips rather than summer peak season, and tend to buy packaged travel products a lot compared with other generations. If these different traveling characteristics of each generation are considered for organizing and customizing tourism services, it is expected that domestic tourism satisfaction level will be ultimately increased.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.259-268
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• 2013

This study was carried out to evaluate the visual turfgrass's color quality, winter color, and spring green-up under three different soil systems and to make a practical use for sports turf design and construction. Several turfgrasses were evaluated in multi-layer, USGA and mono-layer systems. Turfgrass entries in the study comprised of 3 cultivars from Korean lawngrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) of typical warm-season grass (WSG) and 3 blends and 3 mixtures from Kentucky bluegrass (KB, Poa pratensis L.), perennial ryegrass (PR, Lolium perenne L.), and tall fescue (TF, Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) of cool-season grass (CSG). Significant differences were observed in the turfgrass's color quality, winter color, and spring green-up in the study. Seasonal variation of visual turf color greatly occurred according to soil systems and turfgrasses. Multi-layer and USGA systems were highly associated with better visual color ratings, as compared with mono-layer system. Regardless of soil system, visual turf color in all entries was better from spring to fall than in winter. Great color differences were observed during a period of early December to early spring. CSG produced a better color quality over WSG in any soil system. Overall color ratings for CSG were KB > PR > Mixtures > TF. As for a winter color, its ranking was USGA > multi-layer > mono-layer system. No difference was found in winter among cultivars of Korean lawngrass, being completely brown, but great differences among CSG. Rated best for winter color was PR, followed by CSG mixtures, KB and finally TF in order. It was generally conceded that fast green-up in spring was greatly related with multi-layer over mono-layer system and also CSG over WSG. Among CSG, TF had a fastest green-up. PR was also fast in green-up, but poor in color uniformity. KB, however, was the slowest due to shallow rooting system, when compared with other CSGs. These results demonstrate color differences were greatly variable according to soil systems and also among turfgrass species. A precise decision should be made in selecting turfgrass species and soil system. Multi-layer and USGA systems were considered as the suitable one for turfgrass color quality, winter color and spring green-up. It is a great necessity to combine proper soil system, right turfgrass species, and appropriate mixing rates by a concept-oriented approach, when establishing garden, parks, soccer field, and golf courses and so on.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.870-877
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the effects of stepping-in-place tempo and roundhouse kick types on response time. Fifteen males participated in this experiment. All have over ten years of experience and hold a forth dan(degree) black belt in taekwondo. The task is when the participants are doing stepping in place they respond to the light stimulus as fast as they can do roundhouse kick. Five different stepping in place tempos (100, 120, 140, 160, and 180 bpm) and four different types of roundhouse kick(front leg body roundhouse kick, front leg head roundhouse kick, back leg body roundhouse kick, and back leg head roundhouse kick) were used. Three measurements were taken for each of the different combinations of conditions for a total of 60 measurements. For data analysis, two-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used and pair-wise comparisons were performed using bonferroni statistics. The results show that there was significant difference interaction effect between stepping in place tempo and roundhouse kick type in the response time. And, there were significant difference in main effect of response time in accordance with stepping in place tempo and roundhouse kick type. The response time of roundhouse kick was the fastest at 160 bpm of stepping in place tempo, but there was no significant difference between 140 and 160 bpm. Front leg body roundhouse kick was the fastest. And, the response time was the fastest when front leg body roundhouse kicked at 140 bpm of stepping in place tempo. Stepping in place tempo between 140 and 160 bpm is the most effective to optimize the response time. And, More effective response time was front leg roundhouse kick as compared with back leg roundhouse kick and, body roundhouse kick as compared with head roundhouse kick. The findings in this study will provide useful information for performance improvement and will help with strategy for taekwondo competition.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.27-40
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• 2020

The marathon has long been established as a representative lifestyle for all ages. With the recent expansion of the Work and Life Balance trend across the society, marathon with a relatively low barrier to entry is gaining popularity among young people in their 20s and 30s. By analyzing the issues and related words of the marathon event, we will analyze the spottainment elements of the marathon event that is popular among young people through keywords, and suggest a development plan for the differentiated event. In order to analyze keywords and related words, blogs, cafes and news provided by Naver and Daum were selected as analysis channels, and 'JTBC Marathon' and 'Culture' were extracted as key words for data search. The data analysis period was limited to a three-month period from August 13, 2019 to November 13, 2019, when the application for participation in the 2019 JTBC Marathon was started. For data collection and analysis, frequency and matrix data were extracted through social matrix program Textom. In addition, the degree of the relationship was quantified by analyzing the connection structure and the centrality of the degree of connection between the words. Although the marathon is a personal movement, young people share a common denominator of "running" and form a new cultural group called "running crew" with other young people. Through this, it was found that a marathon competition culture was formed as a festival venue where people could train together, participate together, and escape from the image of a marathon run alone and fight with themselves.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.9
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• pp.946-951
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• 2006

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of combined exercise for 12 weeks on the adiponectin and obesity related variables in overweight and obese children. Methods : Eighteen children in 5th grade in a certain elementary school in Busan were recruited. They were all overweight or obese children(more than 85 percentile in body mass index). Nine children in the experimental group were given exercises consisting of walking and band resistant training for 12 weeks. Auxological data(including height, weight and body fat mass) and laboratory data (fasting blood sugar, insulin, adiponectin) were checked at baseline and at the 1 week, and at the 4 weeks and 12 weeks stages of their exercise program. Insulin resistance and sensitivity were evaluated indirectly using HOMA index and QUICKI index. Results : Adiponectin gradually decreased until the 4 weeks point and gradually increased thereafter to the starting level at the 12 weeks stage. Body weight, body mass index(BMI) and HOMA index significantly decreased more at the 1 week, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks stages in the experimental group than in the control group. Body fat mass significantly decreased at 12 weeks. The change of insulin was significantly correlated with changes of body weight and BMI. But there was no correlation between changes of adiponectin and changes of insulin. Conclusion : Exercise seems to effect the adiponectin concentration. And it might be assumed that exercise increases the adiponectin concentration if it is continued for long time(may be more than 12 weeks). More studies may be necessary to draw that conclusion.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.337-344
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• 2005

A tactile sensor employs a piezoelectric element to detect contact frequency shifts and thereby measure the stiffness or softness of material such as tissue, which allows the sensor to be used in many fields of research for urology, cardiology, gynecology, sports medicine and caner detection and especially for cosmetics and skin care. In this study, reliability of the tactile sensor system was investigated with its manual application to the muscles susceptible to temporomandibular disorders. Stiffness and elasticity of anterior temporalis, masseter and trapezius muscles were calibrated bilaterally from 5 healthy men with an average of 24.5$\pm$0.94 years. The tactile sensor used in this study had a computer-controlled and motor-driven sensor unit which automatically pressed down on the skin surface over the muscles being measured and retracted, thereby providing the hysteresis curve. The slope of the tangent of the hysteresis curve (${\Delta}f/{\Delta}x$) is defined as stiffness of the muscle being measured and the distance between the two parts of the curve as its elasticity. To determine inter-examiner reliability, all the measurements were performed by the two examiners A and B, respectively and the same examination were repeated with an interval of 2 days for intra-examiner reliability. The results from this study demonstrated high reliability in measuring stiffness and elasticity of anterior temporalis, masseter and upper trapezius muscles using a tactile sensor system. It is suggested that the tactile sensor system can be a highly reproducible and effective instrument for quantitative evaluation of the muscle in head and neck region.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.966-974
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• 2010

The aim of this study was to examine characteristics between nutrient intakes, body composition and physical fitness in gifted athletic boys. The subjects were conducted in 50 boys aged 9~12 years living in Busan, Ulsan and Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. Dietary intake information was collected from participants using 3-day food recorded and body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis, and their anthropometric parameters were measured. Swimming group's daily energy intakes were significantly higher compared to those of other groups. Athletics and swimming groups were significantly taller than gymnastics. Swimming group was significantly higher than gymnastics group in weight, fat mass, body fat percent and lean body mass. Athletics and swimming groups were significantly longer than gymnastics group in sit and ball throwing. Swimming group was significantly better than other groups in sit up, and athletics group was significantly faster than gymnastics group in 50 m run. In correlation result for nutrient intake and body composition: 1) Body weight shows positive correlation with protein, phosphorus, sodium, vitamin $B_1$, C and niacin. BMI shows positive correlation with sodium and niacin. Fat mass shows positive correlation with niacin and folate. Body fat% shows positive correlation with vitamin C, E, niacin and folate. LBM shows positive correlation with all elements except lipid, calcium, vitamin A, C, E and folate. In correlation result for nutrient intake and physical fitness: 2) Push up shows positive correlation with iron and vitamin C. Sit and throw ball shows positive correlation with the events except lipid, fiber, vitamin A, E and folate. Sit up shows positive correlation with vitamin $B_1$. Half squat shows positive correlation with iron. Standing long jump shows positive correlation with total energy, lipid, and vitamin A, B and $B_2$. Long run shows negative correlation with protein, carbohydrate, fiber, phosphorus, iron, sodium and zinc. Side step shows positive correlation with niacin. Sit and reach shows negative correlation with total energy, carbohydrate, phosphorus, sodium, zinc and vitamin $B_2$. In correlation result for body composition and physical fitness: 3) Sit and throw ball shows positive correlation with body weight, BMI, fat mass, body fat% and LBM. Standing long jump shows positive correlation with LBM. But long run and 50 m run shows negative correlation with body weight and LBM.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.1455-1463
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of various exercise intensity on Excess post exercise energy expenditure (EPEE), Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR),thyroid hormonal changes and biochemical variables in obese and NIDDM patients. The subject of the present study were divided into four groups and four periods: trained (T; n=10), control (C; n=10), obese (O; n=10) and NIDDM (N; n=10) group. And the periods were divided as follows; Resting (RE), Maximal (MA), High intensity (HI), and Low intensity (LI). There was significant difference in RMR among different intensity of exercise. in the T (p<0.05) not in the C, O, and N groups. however, there was no significant different percent body fat among all groups. In the energy expenditure, there was significant different among C, O, N groups compare to T in HIEE (high intensity exercise energy expenditure), LIEE (low intensity exercise energy expenditure), HIEEPE (high intensity exercise energy expenditure post exercise) and LIEEPE (low intensity exercise expenditure post exercise). In the hormonal level, there was significant different in T4 level in the T group at LI period and there was also significant difference in T4, Free T3, & Free T4 levels in T group at LI period, however there was no significant different in the O and N groups except LI period. In the fatigue variables, there was significant different in lactate and ammonia levels in the N group in the period of HI compare to C. The present cross-sectional study was design to investigate the relationship between exercise intensity and RMR in four groups. The focus of this investigation was to compare RMR in aerobically trained (T), control (C), obese (O) and NIDDM (N) group. The relationship among RMR, exercise intensity and percent body fat would best be investigated using Meta Lyzer 3B, MMX3B and body composition analyzer. Each subject completed measurement of percent body fat, RMR, hormone in the period of maximal oxygen uptake exercise (MA), high intensity exercise (HI), and low intensity exercise (LI). From the results, High and Low intensity of exercise, there was a trend for an increased RMR (kcal/day) in the trained groups and control group (in case of LI) not for the obese and N groups. This is best explained not by the reduced percent body fat but by the highly induced energy expenditure (during exercise and post exercise energy expenditure) and increased T4, Free T3, and Free T4 hormonal levels in the low intensity exercise for the T group and sometimes C group.