• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.832-840
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• 2014

This study aimed to investigate the effects of storage duration and temperature on the characteristics of wet brewers grains (WBG) as feeds for ruminant animals. Four storage temperatures ($5^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, and $35^{\circ}C$) and four durations (0, 1, 2, and 3 d) were arranged in a $4{\times}4$ factorial design. Surface spoilage, chemical composition and microorganism density were analyzed. An in vitro gas test was also conducted to determine the pH, ammonia-nitrogen and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations after 24 h incubation. Surface spoilage was apparent at higher temperatures such as $25^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$. Nutrients contents decreased concomitantly with prolonged storage times (p<0.01) and increasing temperatures (p<0.01). The amount of yeast and mold increased (p<0.05) with increasing storage times and temperatures. As storage temperature increased, gas production, in vitro disappearance of organic matter, pH, ammonia nitrogen and total VFA from the WBG in the rumen decreased (p<0.01). Our results indicate that lower storage temperature promotes longer beneficial use period. However, when storage temperature exceeds $35^{\circ}C$, WBG should be used within a day to prevent impairment of rumen fermentation in the subtropics such as Southeast China, where the temperature is typically above $35^{\circ}C$ during summer.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.167-174
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• 2016

In this study, we analyzed for the changes of low organic compounds during 4 weeks incubation though inoculation of harmful microorganisms on commercial feed. Two percent of overnight cultures of Exiguobacterium acetylicum, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium graminearum were inoculated in feed, respectively. After adjusting moisture level to 50% for the promotion of feed spoilage, pH was decreased to 4.58~5.03 and microorganism was ranged to $6{\sim}10log_{10}CFU/g$. The compounds were compare between aflatoxin G1 producing feeds and aflatoxin G1 non-producing feeds. Aflatoxins G1 were detected by the immunoaffinity column clean-up method with HPLC-FLD, and were confirmed in samples incoulated by Aspergillus flavus and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. Koiganal II, cyclohexanol and butadien-one were detected from samples (the non-sterilized inoculated feed) by Aspergillus flavus and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. Respectively as aflatoxin G1 pre-detected substance, Koiganal II, cyclohexanol and butadien-one may be useful substance for the pre-detection of aflatoxin G1.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.175-182
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• 2012

In this study, antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of the extracts from pericarp and seed of $Vitis$ $coignetiea$, which were extracted with 0.1% HCl-60% ethanol, were analyzed. The antibacterial activity of the extracts was determined by paper disc diffusion method against food spoilage and food-borne pathogens. The pericarp extract showed high antibacterial activity against $Bacillus$ $cereus$, $Escherichia$ $coli$ O157:H7, and $Pseudomonas$ $aeruginosa$, and the seed extract represented the high antibacterial activity against $B.$ $cereus$, $E.$ $coli$ O157:H7, and $Staphylococcus$ $aureus$. The cytotoxicity of the $Vitis$ $coignetiea$ extract against human cancer cells was determined using the MTT assay and SRB assay. The pericarp extract represented strong growth-inhibition activity against G361 and Hep3B cells and the seed extract greatly inhibited the growth of HeLa and G361 cells in the MTT assay. In addition, the pericarp extract displayed a high inhibition activity against the growth of AGS cells and the seed extract greatly inhibited the growth of HeLa, Hep3B, and MCF7 cells in the SRB assay. Especially, the cytotoxicities of the seed extract against HeLa were significantly higher than those of the extract against other cancer cells at all test concentrations. This study demonstrates that the extract from pericarp and seed of $Vitis$ $coignetiea$ possess high antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.264-269
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• 1999

The effects of film thickness and moisture absorbing materials(MAM) on the ginger qualities were investigated during MA storage for 150 days. LDPE films of 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08mm thicknesses were applied to select the adequate film in gas permiability. MAMs of sheet and sachet type were applied to 0.06mm-LDPE film bag to prevent moisture condensation during storage. Thickness of film used affected neither weight loss nor firmness of gingers during U storage. But the thinner in thickness showed the less changes in sprouting, spoilage and reducing sugar. Moreover, compared with MAP alone, MAPs with MAM of both sachet and sheet styles led to the weight loss of gingers increasing by more than 3-4 times, but sprouting rate, spoilage rate and reducing sugar decreasing by 3.3, 1.4 and 2.3 times, respectively. These results showed that MAP with UM was significantly effective to prolong the freshness of ginger by longer than 2 times, compared with MAP alone.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.279-286
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• 2000

Most of the domestic cold storage rooms are inefficient for agricultural products because of temperature gradients inside the storage rooms. Temperature gradients are developed mainly by improper airflow pattern inside the storage room, which is a main cause of the spoilage of the agricultural products. There proper airflow pattern is essential to minimize these temperature gradients and the spoilage. The performance and characteristics of a cold storage room were determined as a function of airflow pattern and temperature distribution in forced circulation cold storage room. A commercial CFD(computational fluid dynamics) code was used to simulate 3-D airflow in the cold storage room. Solving the flow equations for the storage room, a standard k-$\varepsilon$ turbulent model was implemented to calculate steady state turbulent velocity distribution. The CFD prediction results were compared with temperature measurements inside the cold storage room. In case of pallet storage, Temperature gradients inside pallet storage was reduced because the contact area of cold air expanded through an alley of airflow in storage. But is case of bulk storage, the last temperature of storage considerably rose more than the initial temperature of storage. The reason was that bulk storage didn't include any alley of airflow in storage.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.58 no.9
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• pp.34.1-34.9
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• 2016

Background: By-products of pickled radish (BPR) are considered food waste. Approximately 300 g/kg of the total mass of raw materials becomes BPR. Production of pickled radish has grown continuously and is presently about 40,000 metric tons annually in Korea. The objective of the present study was thus to explore the possibility of using BPR as a ruminant feed ingredient. Results: BPR contained a large amount of moisture (more than 800 g/kg) and ash, and comprised mostly sodium (103 g/kg DM) and chloride (142 g/kg DM). On a dry matter basis, the crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) levels in BPR were 75 g/kg and 7 g/kg, respectively. The total digestible nutrient (TDN) level was 527 g/kg and the major portion of digestible nutrients was carbohydrate; 88 % organic matter (OM) was carbohydrate and 65 % of total carbohydrate was soluble or degradable fiber. The coefficient of variation (CV) of nutrient contents among production batches ranged from 4.65 to 33.83 %. The smallest CV was observed in OM, and the largest, in EE. The variation in CP content was relatively small (10.11 %). The storage stability test revealed that storage of BPR at $20^{\circ}C$ (room temperature) might not cause spoilage for 4 d, and possibly longer. If BPR is refrigerated, spoilage can be deferred for 21 d and longer. The in vitro ruminal fermentation study showed that substitution of annual ryegrass straw with BPR improved ruminal fermentation, as evidenced by an increase in VFA concentration, DM degradability, and total gas production. Conclusion: The major portion of nutrients in BPR is soluble or degradable fiber that can be easily fermented in the rumen without adverse effects, to provide energy to ruminant animals. Although its high sodium chloride content needs to be considered when formulating a ration, BPR can be successfully used as a feed ingredient in a ruminant diet, particularly if it is one component of a total mixed ration.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.353-359
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• 2010

In order to control postharvest spoilage of satsuma mandarin fruits, rhizobacteria were isolated from soil samples. The Pantoea agglomerans strain 59-4 (Pa 59-4) which suppresses the decay of mandarin fruit by green and blue mold, was tested for the control efficacy and its mode of action was investigated. Pa 59-4 inhibited infection by green and blue mold on wounded mandarins, which were artificially inoculated with a spore suspension of Penicillium digitatum and P. italicum with control efficacies of 85-90% and 75-80%, respectively. The biocontrol efficacy was increased by raising the concentration of cells to between $10^8$ and $10^9\;cfu/ml$, and pretreatment with the antagonist prevented subsequent infection by green mold. The population of Pa 59-4 was increased more than 10 fold during the 24 hr incubation at $20^{\circ}C$, indicating that colonization of the wound site might prevent the infection by green mold. Despite poor antifungal activity, the Pa 59-4 isolate completely inhibited the germination and growth of P. digitatum spores at $1{\times}10^8\;cfu/ml$. We argue that the control efficacy was mediated by nutrient competition. Overall, the effective rhizobacterium, Pa 59-4, was shown to be a promising biocontrol agent for the postharvest spoilage of mandarin fruits by green and blue mold.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.209-216
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• 2017

Background: Dehisced ginseng seeds need to be stored at cold temperatures for around 3 months to break their physiological dormancy, and thus, to aid in gemination. In the presence of high moisture in such an environment, seed spoilage and pre-germination may lower seed quality and productivity. To improve seed quality during cold-stratification, the effects of seed dehydration and temperature were tested. Methods and Results: In early December, dehisced ginseng seeds were dehydrated at 4 different levels and stored at $2^{\circ}C$ $-2^{\circ}C$, and $-20^{\circ}C$ for 3 months. Germination was carried out on the filter papers moistened with distilled water; emergence of root, shoot, and seed spoilage were assessed. Seed viability was examined by the tetrazolium test. More than 90% of the seeds stored at $2^{\circ}C$ and $-2^{\circ}C$ without drying or endocarp dehydration germinated, but seeds that were dehydrated to have a moisture content (MC) below 31% showed poor germination and lost their viability. In addition, the seeds stored at $-20^{\circ}C$ failed to show effective germination. Conclusions: Seed storage after endocarp dehydration might help to improve seed quality and increase seedling's ability to stand during the spring-sowing of ginseng.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.183-187
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• 2007

The antimicrobial properties of methanolic extract (PML) from Prunus nune byproducts after liquor manufacturing weremeasured using various putrefactive and food spoilage microorganisms. PML showed remarkable antimicrobial effects against various putrefactive and food spoliage microorganisms when used at 500g/mL. The antimicrobial properties were stable for 30 min at 100C and at pH 3 11. PML seems to be a natural antimicrobial agent with high effectiveness, and shows both thernal and pH stability. In addition, the mode of antimicrobial action suggests that the active components may synergistically perturb microbial membrane functions.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.103-109
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• 2022

Lactic acid bacteria with antibacterial activity can be effectively used as probiotics to inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria that cause food spoilage or food poisoning. In this study, Pediococcus pentosaceus M132-2, isolated from soybean paste, was analyzed for its effects on three major contaminating fungi. M132-2 was confirmed to exert antifungal activity by inhibiting the growth of all three fungi tested. In addition, M132-2 displayed excellent salt resistance and low temperature tolerance. Thus M132-2 can survive at the salinity level in cheese and at the low temperatures used in the aging process. Finally, when supernatant from an M132-2 culture was applied to Gouda cheese, the growth of contaminating fungi was significantly inhibited. Consequently, M132-2 may be useful for the prevention of spoilage of various foods, including cheese.