• Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.37-49
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of spinal motor neuron excitability by cranial electrostimulation(CES). The fifteen Sparague-Dawley adult male rats were assigned to the three groups; GroupI(control), GroupII(low rate CES), GroupIII(high rate CES). Spinal motor neuron excitability was measured to use a computerized H reflex. The results of this study was as follows; M latency, M amplitude and H latency were no significant difference in all groups on repeated measured ANOVA(p>.05) but low rate CES and high rate CES groups were lower than ether group in comparative measurement of H amplitude and Hmax/Mmax ratio(p<.05). These results lead to the conclusion that spinal neuron excitability was influenced by CES. These results suggest that CES had the capability to lower spinal motor neuron excitability used synaptic blockade in spinal segment.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2015

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by progressive death of motor neurons in the cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. Until now, many treatment strategies have been tested in ALS, but so far only Riluzole has shown efficacy of slightly slowing disease progression. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying ALS are multifactorial, with a complex interaction between genetic factors and molecular pathways. Other motor neuron disease such as spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and spinobulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) are also progressive neurodegenerative disease with loss of motor neuron as ALS. This common thread of motor neuron loss has provided a target for the development of therapies for these motor neuron diseases. A better understanding of these pathogenic mechanisms and the potential pathological relationship between the various cellular processes have suggested novel therapeutic approaches, including stem cell and genetics-based strategies, providing hope for feasible treatment of ALS.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.791-799
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• 2013

This study to evaluate the spinal motor neuron and electroencephalogram effects of applying different kinesio taping method therapy in normal people. The study was performed on 16 healthy adults. We divide two group; group I(n=8); Tape along muscle, group II(n=8); Tape across muscle. Two different method taping were applied to gastrocnemius in two weeks. Spinal motor neuron measurement to evoke H-reflex, the posterior tibial nerve was stimulated. Electroencephalogram measurement for ${\beta}$-SMR, attached to active electrode C3, Cz, C4. The H-reflex, ${\beta}$-SMR results were measured before, immediately, one week later and two week later after the apply taping. The results of this study, spinal motor neuron change of group I were decreased ${\alpha}$-motor neuron and the duration time longer than group II(p<.05). Electroencephalogram change of group I were increased ${\beta}$-SMR and the duration time longer than group II(p<.05). Thus, we knew the taping along muscle was ${\beta}$-SMR brain wave more active and reduces the activity of spinal motor neuron.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation(NMES) on the alteration of spinal motor neuron excitability. In this article, I would like to experiment on a standard capacity of clinical electrophysiology, a difference in applying methods and a clinical efficiency of NMES by Nerve conduction velocity. We used normal eight subjects without neuromuscular disease and all subjects participated 3 session, which at least 1 week between session. Participants classified according to each group in Antagonist, Agonist, Antagonist-Agonist by the NMES. The test was measured continuously pre test, post-test, post 20 minute test by EMG including H reflex, F wave, motor nerve conduction velocity(MNCV). The following results were obtained; 1. H-reflex latencies and H/M intervals were significantly increased in agonist and antagonist-agonist group(p<.01). 2. H-reflex amplitudes and H/M ratios were significantly decreased in agonist and antagonist-agonist group(p<.01). In agonist group, H-reflex amplitudes and H/M ratios were more significantly decreased than antagonist group. 3. F-wave latencies were significantly increased in agonist and antagonist-agonist group(p<.01). F/M intervals were significantly increased in antagonist-agonist group(p<.01). F wave conduction velocities were significantly increased in agonist and antagonist-agonist group(p<.01) but F/M ratios were not significant. 4. MNCV were significantly decreased in agonist(p<.01). These results lead us to the conclusion that agonist and Antagonist-agonist was significantly decreased excitability of spinal motor neuron. Conversely, Antagonist does not decreased. Therefore, A further direction of this study will be to provide more evidence that NMES have an effect on excitability of spinal motor neurons in UMN syndrome.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.433-444
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• 2001

This review highlights the ontogenesis and the differentiation of motor neuron in spinal cord, and introduce the survival motor neuron(SMN) which is associated with growth and survival of motor neurons. The differentiation of floor plate cells and motor neurons in the vertebrate neural tube appears to be induced by signals from the notochord. This signal is Sonic hedgehog(Shh). The early development of motor neurons involves the inductive action of Shh. The SMN gene is essential for embryonic viability. SMN mRNA is also expressed in virtually all cell types in spinal cord, including large motor neurons. The SMN protein is involved in RNA processing and during early embryonic development is necessary fer cell survival. Two SMN genes are present in 5q 13 in humans: the telomeric gene(SMNt), which is the SMA-determining gene, and the centromeric analog gene(SMNc). The majority of transcripts from the SMNt gene are full length but, major transcripts of the SMNc gene have a high degrees of alternative splicing and tend to have little or no exon 7. The SMN is involved in the RNA processing(the biogenesis of snRNPs and pre-mRNA splicing), the anti-apoptotic effects, and regulating gene expression.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.1202-1207
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• 2003

In order to clarify the neuroprotective effect of Cornu Saigae Tataricae(CST) water extract on cultured mouse spinal motor neuron damaged by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)- 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay, LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase) activity assay and SRB (Sulforhodamine B) assay were carried out after the cultured mouse spinal motor neuron were preincubated with various concentrations of CST water extract for 3 hours prior to exposure of hydrogen peroxide Cell viability of cultured mouse spinal motor neurons exposed to various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide for 6 hours was decreased in a dose-dependent manner. MTT50 values were 40 uM hydrogen peroxide. Cultured mouse spinal motor neurons in the medium containing various concentration of hydrogen peroxide for 6 hours showed increasing of LDH activity and decreasing of total protein synthesis. We know that hydrogen peroxide was toxic on cultured spinal motor neurons. Pretreatment of CST water extract for 3 hours following hydrogen peroxide prevented the hydrogen peroxide-induced neurotoxicity such as increasing of LDH activity and decreasing of total protein synthesis. These results suggest that hydrogen peroxide shows toxic effect on cultured spinal motor neurons and CST water extract is highly effective in protecting the neurotoxicity induced by hydrogen peroxide.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.61-65
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• 2019

$Sj{\ddot{o}}gren^{\prime}s$ syndrome (SS)-associated polyradiculopathy is rarely reported. A 51-year-old woman presented with a history of gradual weakness in all four extremities for several months. Based on electrophysiological studies, spinal magnetic resonance imaging and cerebrospinal fluid examination, inflammatory polyradiculopathy was confirmed. During a search for the aetiology, the patient was ultimately diagnosed with SS. This study introduces SS-associated polyradiculopathy that primarily presented with motor symptoms, thus mimicking motor neuron disease.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.329-348
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• 1996

The prenatal development of lateral motor columns in the lumbar spinal cord was studied by electron microscopy in human embryos and fetuses ranging from 9 mm to 260 mm crown-rump length ($5{\sim}30$ weeks of gestational age). At 9 mm embryo, the lateral motor column were developed from ventro-lateral projection into the marginal layer and composed of primitive neuroblasts. At 20 mm embryo the primitive motor neurons were packed closely together and could readly be distinguished from primitive glioblasts by a presence of large nuclei. The primitive multipolar neurons were observed in lateral motor column at 40 mm fetus. At 80 mm fetus multipolar neurons were characterized by their many dendrites and axons in the vicinity of motor neuron perikarya. At 260 mm fetus, the motor neurons were large and contained all intracytoplasmic structures in the cytoplasm which were also found in mature motor neuron in lateral motor column. The first axo-dendritic synapses found at 40 mm fetus and increased in number throughout fetal development. Axo-somatic synapses with spherical vesicles were first observed at 80 mm fetus. A few axo-somatic synapses were found at next prenatal stages. Axo-dendritic and axo-somatic synapses contained mixed populations of spherical and flattened vesicles by 120 mm fetus. These findings indicate that axo-dendritic synapses develop prior to axo-somatic synapses in the spinal cord during neurogenesis.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.738-741
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• 2003

In order to evaluate the cytotoxicity of methylmercuric chloride(MMC) in cultured spinal motor neurons of neonatal mouse, cell viability was measured by MTT assay in spinal motor neurons treated with 1-30 μM MMC for 48 hours. And also, the protective effect of Radix Polygoni Multiflori(RPM) was examined by cell viability in these cultures. Cell viability was significantly decreased in dose-dependent manner after cultured cells were exposured to 20 μM MMC for 48 hours. Protective effect of RPM on MMC-mediated toxicity was very effective in these cultures. From above the results, it suggests that MMC has toxic effect in cultured mouse spinal motor neurons and herb extract such as RPM is very effective in blocking the neurotoxicity induced by MMC.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.12
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• pp.1350-1354
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• 2008

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by diffuse proximal and distal weakness due to deletion of the survival motor neuron (SMN) gene localized on chromosome 5 (5q11.2-13.3). SMA has been considered as a pure lower motor neuron disorder, and a definitive diagnosis can be established by molecular genetic testing. Here, we describe two patients with severe hypotonia and frequent aspirations at early infancy. Nerve conduction studies showed more extensive sensory involvement in these patients diagnosed to have SMA by genetic study than in classical cases of SMA. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of SMA Type 1 with sensory nerve involvement in Korea.