• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.225-233
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• 2023

Urban rivers and their surrounding environments have been altered due to factors such as rapid economic growth and urban development. This alteration have caused the rivers to lose their original value and become exposed to various pollution, resulting decrease in citizens' quality of life. This study aims to estimate citizens' Willingness To Pay (WTP) for water quality improvement in Suyeong River in Busan. To estimate the non-market value of the Suyeong River, the WTP of Busan citizens for water quality improvement was estimated, applying Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). The WTP for improving the water quality from Grade 4(polluted water) to Grade 2(game fish like bass can live in it) was estimated using the water quality ladder concept of the US Environmental Protection Agency, assuming annual donations for five years. For the CVM, the logistic distribution and Spike Model were adopted. As a result, citizens residing in the surrounding area of Suyeong River expressed a higher WTP. Considering more than half of the Busan citizens are aware of the "conservation of nature and ecosystems" as a major function of the Suyeong River, this higher WTP could serve as a basis for improving the value of urban rivers.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.77-83
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• 2022

The neuromorphic architecture uses a spiking neural network (SNN) model to derive more accurate results as more spike values are accumulated through inference experiments. When the inference result converges to a specific value, even if the inference experiment is further performed, the change in the result is smaller and power consumption may increase. In particular, in an AI-based IoT environment, power consumption can be a big problem. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a technique to reduce the power consumption of AI-based IoT by reducing the inference time by adjusting the inference image exposure time in the neuromorphic architecture environment. The proposed technique calculates the next inferred image exposure time by reflecting the change in inference accuracy. In addition, the rate of reflection of the change in inference accuracy can be adjusted with a coefficient value, and an optimal coefficient value is found through a comparison experiment of various coefficient values. In the proposed technique, the inference image exposure time corresponding to the target accuracy is greater than that of the linear technique, but the overall power consumption is less than that of the linear technique. As a result of measuring and evaluating the performance of the proposed method, it is confirmed that the inference experiment applying the proposed method can reduce the final exposure time by about 90% compared to the inference experiment applying the linear method.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.415-421
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• 2006

The following concentrations of some PAHs were investigated; [benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, indeno (1,2,3-c,d)pyrene] in vegetables(n=160) and fruits(n=50). The food samples were purchased at the local markets in Seoul, Chuncheon, Daejeon, Kwangju and Pusan. The samples were radish, onion, bean sprouts, welsh onion, chinese cabbage, spinach, young pumpkin, garlic, cucumber, carrot, lettuce, sesame leaf, tangerine, persimmon, apple, pear and banana. The methodology involved ultrasonic extraction with dichloromethane, clean-up on Sep-Pak florisil cartridges and determination by HPLC/FLD (High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Fluorescence Detector). Overall method recoveries for 8 PAHs spiked into these products ranged from 95 to 102%. The mean level of the following PAHs were determined; benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene and indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene in vegetables and fruits was N.D., 0.014 ng/g, 0.031 ng/g, 0.016 ng/g, 0.019 ng/g, 0.091 ng/g, 0.016 ng/g and N.D., respectively.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.172-181
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• 2023

In order to raise the self-sufficiency rate of domestic forage and obtain informations necessary for production of high-quality winter forage, forage yield and feeding value were analyzed in the above-ground parts of a winter wheat 'Cheongwoo' harvested at five different growth stages, and the appropriate harvest time was determined. The yield increased until 30 days after heading, and then decreased afterwards. The proportion of spike in the above-ground part was less than 40% until 30 days after heading, but increased to more than 60% afterward. At 30 days after heading, the protein content and relative feed value (RFV) also reached peaks, while acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were low. The mineral nutrient contents are within the standard range required for feeding ruminant livestock or do not exceed the maximum allowable level. Therefore, the best time to harvest above-ground parts of a winter wheat 'Cheongwoo' for use as a forage for feeding ruminant livestock is around 30 days after heading, when considering forage yield and feed values. As a result it would match well in time with the transplantation of rice seedlings or the sowing of rice-alternative field crops in the double cropping system.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.314-334
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• 2013

This study explored an efficient modified Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method combined with liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization with tandem mass spectrometric detection for the analysis of residues of 76 pesticides in brown rice, barley and corn including acidic sulfonylurea herbicides. Formic acid (1%) acid in acetonitrile and dispersive solid phase extractions used for extraction of pesticides and clean-up of the extract respectively. Two fortified spikes at 50 and 200 ng $g^{-1}$ levels were performed for recovery test. Mean recoveries of majority of pesticides at two spike levels ranged from 73.2 to 132.2, 80.9 to 136.8, 66.6 to 143.5 for brown rice, barley and corn respectively with standard error (CV) less than 10%. Good linearity of calibration curves were achieved with $R^2$ > 0.9907 within the observed concentration ranged. The modified method also provided satisfactory results for sulfonylurea herbicides. The method was applied to the determination of residues of target pesticides in real samples. A total of 26 pesticides in 36 out of 98 tasted samples were observed. The highest concentration was observed for tricyclazole at 1.17 mg $kg^{-1}$ in brown rice. This pesticide in two brown rice samples exceeded their MRLs regulated for rice in republic of Korea. Except tricyclazole none of the observed pesticides' concentration was higher than their MRLs. The results reveal that the method is effectively applicable to routine analysis of residues of target pesticides in brown rice, barley and corn.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.343-352
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• 2012

This experiment was carried out to report some data such as survival rate, tetraploid production efficiency, and agronomic characteristics of offspring from the induced tetraploid by the colchicine treatment in rye. The colchicine was soaked with 0.05%, 12 hours in dark condition and at two growth stages (green seed and 2nd leaf stage) in diploid ryes. Flow cytometry (FC) was proved to be efficient and rapid tool for screening ploidy levels in rye, showing around 40 to 60 in DNA amount (DAP1) corresponding to diploid and 80 to 110 tetraploid. There were 18.5% of survival rate at green seed treatment and 78% at 2nd leaf stage in average of two rye cultivars, Gogu and Jogreen, but in reverse 50.9% and 1.1% in the ratio of tetraploid to total tillers among the plants survived, respectively, resulting in 9.42% of tetraploid production rate in green seed treatment and 0.86% at 2nd leaf stage, respectively. In green seed treatment, there were 33% of survival rate in Gogu, 4% in Jogreen in 1st year, but 56% in Gogu, 21% in Jogreen and 49% in Charmgreen, respectively. The rate of tetraploid to total spikes among survived was 53.7% in Gogu, 32.4% in Jogreen, and 50.9% in average in 1st year, and 64.1% in Gogu, 51.5% in Jogreen, 60% in Charmgreen, and 60.5% in average in 2nd year. In green seed treatment, tetraploid production rate (survival rate ${\times}$ tetraploid ratio ${\times}$ 100) was 17.7% in Gogu and 1.3% in Jogreen and 9.42% in average in 1st year, and 35.9% in Gogu, 10.8% in Jogreen, 29.4% in Charmgreen, and 25.4% in average of three diploid rye cultivars. By the colchicine treatment with 0.05% for 12 hours in Gogu and Jogreen, 35 tetraploid plants were obtained and they produced 2,673 seeds with 148 spikes. There were 3.3-4.4 in the number of spikes per plant, 15.6-18.3 in grain number per spike, and 37.6 g in Gogu and 46.8 g in Jogreen in the 1,000-grain weight.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.197-210
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• 2009

To improve the forage quality and reduce nitrogen input, trial was conducted on the effect of seeding method, combination, and nitrogen fertilizer with WCB (whole crop barley) and leguminous plant. Present experiment was carried out by split-split design having seeding methods for main plot, combinations for sub-plot, and nitrogen fertilizers for sub-sub plot with three replications. When WCB and leguminous plant were mixed-sown, WCB showed earlier heading and maturing than those of inter-sown, and the more nitrogen delayed growth stage a little. Occurrence of BaYMV (Barley Yellow Mosaic Virus), a serious disease caused by soil fungi and decrease barley yield, was deterred by mixed-seeding as compared to inter-sown barley a little. Inter-sown WCB increased the number of spike per $m^2$ as compared to mixed-seeding showing more spikes with nitrogen increase. WCB produced much fresh and dry matter yield at mixed-seeding than inter-seeding, and had advantage with hairy vetch (HV). Increased nitrogen showed much forage yield, however, half application of it is considerable for environmental-friendly farming. Electric conductivity (EC) decreased in inter-cropping or mixed-sowing soil with WCB and leguminous crop after harvest. But, organic matter (OM) content of soil after harvesting was vice versa. Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of WCB plant were higher at mixed-seeding than those of inter-sown ones. It showed increased tendency with time progress.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.477-482
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• 2006

Viral diseases, especially Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) and Barley mud mosaic virus (BaMMV), have been most serious in barley fields. In this study, we investigated the effect of different level of resistance to viral diseases on the plant growth and yield in barley. Various viral disease symptoms on leaves of overwintered plants were similar between medial-resistant and susceptible varieties of Saessalbori and Baegdong. In diagnosis of virus infection, BaYMV and BaMMV were detected in Saessalbori and Baegdong, but not in the resistant variety, Naehanssalbori. Plant height was restrained about $11{\sim}12cm$ prior to heading in Saessalbori and Baegdong comparing to Naehanssalbori. Even if both varieties were medial resistant to virus diseases, Saessalbori was different from Baegdong in heading date and culm length due to its recovery from viral damages prior to heading. Both medial-resistant and susceptible varieties were quite different from the resistant variety in yield components such as heading date, number of spikes and culm length when evaluated in the virus-infected or non-infected field. Baegdong delayed 7 days in heading date and reduced by more than 50% in culm length and spike numbers as compared to Naehanssalbori. On the other hand, Saessalbori showed similar heading date, but was shorter by 20% in culm length than Naehanssalbori. Three varieties tested in the non-infected field over two years were not significantly different for yield potential with ranges of $340{\sim}405kg/10a$. However, significant yield reduction (P<0.01) was observed in Saessalbori and Baegdong with ranges of $108{\sim}288kg/10a$ as compared to Naehanssalbori (391 kg/10a) when tested in the virus-infected field. Yield potentials of Saessalbori and Baegdong reduced by 35 and 63%, respectively in the virus-infected field as compared to those in the non-infected field. Our results showed that damages from virus diseases were significant on the early plant growth to yield and its components in barley.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.305-312
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• 1992

This experiment was carried out to investigate seed set, variation in chromosome number, and agronomic characteristics of the progeny in the cross between hexaploid triticale variety, Sinkihomil(P$_1$) and tetraploid rye variety, Dooroohomil(P$_2$). Seed set rate obtained was 30.5% in the cross of Sinkihomil with Dooroohomil, whereas 3.26% in reciprocal cross using Dooroohomil as female. Alsoseed set was 8.75% in F$_1$/P$_1$, 7.20% in F$_1$/P$_2$, and 1.53% in F$_2$(=F$_1$ /F$_1$, respectively. Germination rate of crossed seed was 37% in cross of P$_1$ with P$_2$, 39.0% in F$_1$/P$_1$(BC$_1$), 50% in F$_1$/P$_2$(BC$_2$) and 43.0% in F$_1$/F$_1$(F$_2$), and 1,000 grain wight was 20.7g in the cross of P$_1$ with P$_2$, which have 41.9g and 47.7g, respectively, 24.5g in F$_1$/P$_1$, 23.6g in F$_1$/P$_2$, and 24.5g in F$_1$/F$_1$, respectively. In pollen fertility of F$_1$ plant, 69.8% turned out to be abnormal or sterile pollen grains, whereas 30.2% was fertile or normal. In meiosis of pollen mother cell of F$_1$ plant, 13.5 univalents, 8.89 bivalent and 1.24 trivalent were appeared. Somatic chromosome number of 35 in F$_1$, both 32 to 33 and 35 to 36 in F$_2$, 35 to 39 in BC$_1$ and 28 to 36 in BC$_2$ which mean producing female gamate was 14 to 18 chromosome in PMC of F$_1$ plant. Rate of fertile plant turned out to be 100% in F$_1$, 4.5% in F$_2$, 42.9% in BC$_1$, and 50.0% in BC$_2$, respectively. Number of seed set per spike appeared to be 1.17 in F$_1$ plant, 13.3 in F$_2$, 2.36 in BC$_1$, and 3.75 in BC$_2$, respectively. Days to heading of F$_1$ was intermediate, but F$_2$ was later than both parents. Plant height of F$_1$ , BC$_1$ ,and BC$_2$ was shorter than both parent, but F$_2$, longer than both parents.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.408-421
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• 1989

The effects of seeding and clipping termination dates, and seeding and fertilizer rates on forage and grain yields were evaluated in 1989 harvest year for dual production of forage and grain of naked and malting barleys in Cheju province. In the experiment I, 'Saessalbori' (naked barleY)1 and 'Doosan 22' (malting barley) were seeded on Sept. 21, Oct. 12 and Nov. 2, respectively. An unclipped(grain-only) treatment that was planted on Nov. 2 was included for check. In the experiment II, the two above cultivars were planted at seed rate of 14, 20 and 26 and kg/l0a. Fertilizer rates were 9-6-12, 17-13-8 and 22-16-11 (N-P$_2$O$\sub$5/-K$_2$O) kg/l0a. Seeding dates were Oct. 13 and Nov. 7 for clipped treatments and grain -only treatment(seeding rate: 14kg/l0a, N-P$_2$O$\sub$5/-K$_2$O=9-6-12 kg/l0a), respectively. All treatments in both experiments were harvested for grain yield. In Saessalbori, survival following forage removal was 100％ regardless of seeding and clipping termination dates, and seeding and fertilizer rates. In Doosan 22, survival percenage decreased with increasing seeding and fertilizer rates when plants was clipped in January to Febuary. Forage yield of two cultivars increased with early planting and delays in clipping termination and tended to increase as seeding and fertilizer rates were increased. Crude ash and fat were not affected by seeding and fertilizer rates, and clipping date. Crude protein increased with an increase in fertilizer rate and decreased with delays in clipping date. N free extract tended to increase with delaying clipping date and decreased with increasing fertilizer rate. Earlier planting resulted in earlier heading and maturity. Clipping slightly delayed heading of Saessalbori and greatly delayed that of Doosan 22. Maturity of Doosan 22 was delayed 3 to 5 days by increased fertilization. Clipping shortened culm length more severely in Doosan 22 than in Saessalbori. The later the clipping termination, the shorter the culm length. The number of spikes per m$^2$ and the number of kernels per spike were not affected by clipping in Saessalbori while those of Doosan 22 were decreased with delays in clipping termination. Delaying forage harvest resulted In a reduction in grain yield. However, final clipping on Feb. 27 reduced grain yield of Saessalbori by only 6-11 ％ compared to the grain-only treatment. In Doosan 22, forage harvest after Dec. 28 resulted in 6 to 66％ reduction of grain yield. The data indicate that grazing of naked and malting barleys until late Feb. and late Dec., respectively, might not reduce grain yields when planted on mid-Sept. to mid-Oct.