• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 제어로봇시스템학회 1991년도 한국자동제어학술회의논문집(국내학술편); KOEX, Seoul; 22-24 Oct. 1991
• /
• pp.746-751
• /
• 1991

Deafs train articulation by observing mouth of a tutor. sensing tactually the notions of the vocal organs, or using speech training aids. Present speech training aids for deafs can measure only single speech ter, or display only frequency spectra in histogrm or pseudo-color. In this study, a speech training aids that can display subject's articulation in the form of a cross section of the vocal organs and other speech parameters together in a single system Is aimed to develop and this system makes a subject to know where to correct. For our objective, first, speech production mechanism is assumed to be AR model in order to estimate articulatory notions of the vocal tract from speech signal. Next, a vocal tract profile mode using LPC analysis is made up. And using this model, articulatory notions for Korean vowels are estimated and displayed in the vocal tract profile graphics.

• 말소리와 음성과학
• /
• 제6권3호
• /
• pp.33-40
• /
• 2014

The purpose of the study was to examine alternating motion rate and its variability in children with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) compared to typically developing children. Six children with CAS aged 9-12 years old and 10 children who were age-matched participated in the study. This study measured tokens per second and variabilities of the rates during the production of /$p^*$ a/, /$t^*$ a/, and /$k^*$ a/. For variability measures of the rates, each participant was asked to repeat speech tasks three times and the average value of the rates and its standard deviation were obtained. The results revealed that the CAS group showed slower rate only at /$k^*$ a/ than the control group. The CAS group exhibited greater variability of AMR at all the tasks than the control group. The results suggested that variability of AMR might be a more distinctive speech feature to children with CAS than the rate of the speech task.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
• /
• 제13권4호
• /
• pp.275-284
• /
• 1992

Development of Integrated Speech Training Aids for Hearing Impaired In this study, a spepch lralnlng aids that can do real-time display of vocal tract shape and other speech parameters together in a single system is implemenLed and self-training program for this system is developed. To estimate vocal tract shape, speech production process is assumed to be AR model. Through LPC analysis, vocal tract shape, intensity, and log spcclrum are calculated. And, fundamental frequency and nasality are measured using vibration sensors.

• 한국음향학회지
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.162-172
• /
• 2004

본 연구에서는 산출실험을 통해 발화속도와 한국어의 분절음의 지속시간 및 포만트 특성과의 관계와 모음의 지속시간과 포만트 간의 상관관계를 살펴보았다. 빠른 발화일수록 음절 및 자음과 모음의 지속시간은 짧게 나타났으며 대부분의 화자에서 폐쇄음의 폐쇄구간 대 기식구간의 비율이나 한 음절 내의 모음 대 자음 지속시간의 비율은 발화속도의 영향을 받지 않는 반면 일부 화자들은 발화속도의 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 발화속도의 영향을 받는 화자들에서 폐쇄음의 경우 폐쇄구간이 기식구간보다 영향을 더 받으며 음절의 경우 모음이 자음보다 더 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 발화속도와 모음의 포만트값과의 관계 분석 결과 발화속도가 모음약화에 영향을 미치는 정도가 화자간에 차이를 보였으며 이는 화자마다 모음의 포만트값 구현에 관하여 다른 발화기재를 이용하고 있다는 것을 간접적으로 시사해주는 것이라고 할 수 있다. 즉, 발화속도의 증가에 따라 조음기관의 움직임의 속도를 증가시키는 화자가 있는 반면 발화속도의 변화에 관계없이 일정한 속도를 유지하는 화자가 있다는 것을 의미한다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
• /
• 제13권4호
• /
• pp.23-34
• /
• 2021

이 연구는 이집트인 한국어 학습자를 대상으로 하여 이들이 한국어 모음을 어떻게 지각하고 범주화하며, 이들이 발음한 한국어 모음을 한국인들이 어떻게 지각하는지 밝히고, 이를 토대로 이집트인 학습자들의 한국어 모음 범주화가 그들의 한국어 모음 지각과 산출에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 밝히는 것을 목적으로 한다. 실험 1에서는 이집트인 학습자가 한국어 모음을 어떻게 지각하는지 알아보기 위해 이집트인 학습자 53명을 대상으로 하여 한국인이 발음한 한국어 자극 단어를 듣고 어느 단어를 들었는지 객관식으로 고르는 과제를 수행하게 하였고, 실험 2에서는 이집트인 학습자들이 발음한 한국어 모음을 한국인들이 어떻게 지각하는지 밝히기 위해 이집트인 학습자 9명이 산출한 자극 단어 117(13개×9명)개를 한국인들에게 들려주고, 어느 단어를 들었는지 객관식으로 고르게 한 다음 모음의 발음이 원어민 수준에 얼마나 근접하는지 5점 척도로 평가하도록 하였다. 실험 결과 이집트어에 존재하지 않는 "새로운" 한국어 모음은 별도의 범주를 쉽게 형성하여 잘 지각된 반면 산출이 잘 되는 새로운 모음도 있었고, 산출에서 어려움을 겪는 모음도 있었다. 반면에 이집트어 음소와 "비슷한" 한국어 음소는 비교적 잘 산출되지만 지각하는 데는 큰 어려움이 있다는 사실도 확인할 수 있었다. 이 연구 결과를 토대로 기존의 음성학습모델(speech learning model)과 지각동화모델(perceptual assimilation model)이 제2언어 학습자들의 제2언어 음성 지각을 잘 설명해 주지만 음성 산출을 설명하는 데 미흡함이 있어 이에 대한 보완이 필요함을 논의했다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
• /
• 제13권2호
• /
• pp.67-76
• /
• 2021

난타는 북과 같은 타악기를 이용한 "두드리기"라는 뜻으로 한국 전통 음악인 사물놀이의 리듬이다. 말소리 산출이 제한된 아이들을 위해 난타 프로그램이 개발되어 적용되었다. 또한, 이 연구는 언어 리듬을 이용한 난타 프로그램의 효과에 대한 증거를 제공한다. 난타 음성 리듬 중재 프로그램은 말리듬을 이용하여 개발되었다. 난타 프로그램은 청각 자극, 다양한 소리와 박자, 리듬을 제공했으며, 리듬과 함께 호흡, 발성, 조음의 세 단계로 구성되어 있다. 말소리 목록이 제한된 6명의 아이들이 이 연구에 참여했다. 아동들에게 소리와 박자를 탐색하고 소리와 박자를 자유롭게 표현하도록 하였다. 또한, 리듬과 함께 단어를 모방하고 모방하는 단어에서 음절의 길이를 늘림으로써 다양한 말소리를 산출하도록 격려하였다. 매 회당 40분 동안 주 2회씩 총 15회의 세션이 실시되었다. 중재 효과를 조사하기 위해 치료 전후 취학전 아동의 수용언어 및 표현언어 발달척도(PRES)와 수용-표현 어휘력 검사(REVT) 점수를 비교하였다. Wilcoxon rank test 결과, 중재 후 PRES에서 수용언어 점수(p=.027)와 표현언어 점수(p=.024) 및 수용어휘력(p=.028)과 표현어휘력 (p=.028) 점수가 유의하게 향상되었음을 보여주었다. 난타 리듬 컨트롤 프로그램은 수용적이고 표현적인 어휘와 언어 발달에 상당한 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 이러한 발견들은 리듬 컨트롤 프로그램이 제한된 음성 소리 생성을 가진 어린이들의 언어 발달과 어휘 향상에 유용할 수 있다는 것을 암시한다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.51-58
• /
• 2010

This study investigates the perception and production of English front vowels focusing on the distinction in /i/ vs /I/ and /$\varepsilon$/ vs /$\ae$/ by sixty-one Korean speakers. The first portion of this study focused on the perceptional discrimination by the subjects of two sets of English vowel contrasts, /i/ vs /I/ and /$\varepsilon$/ vs /$\ae$/. In the second portion of the study, the production of these vowels by the same subjects who had participated in the perceptional discrimination test was examined acoustically and subsequently compared with that of the control group comprised of native English speakers. The major results indicate that: (1) In perception tests, Korean subjects can discriminate between /i/ and /I/ relatively well, while many of them were not able to discriminate between /$\varepsilon$/ and /$\ae$/; (2) the Korean subjects, however, have difficulty producing a distinct version of these front vowels; and, (3) The relationship between the perception and production is not significant. These results were analyzed with the concept of "under-differentiation" and "reinterpretation of distinction," as well as how phonetic differences influenced the production and discrimination of front vowels by Korean speakers.

• 말소리와 음성과학
• /
• 제5권3호
• /
• pp.73-81
• /
• 2013

Coda in the word-medial position plays an important role in acquisition of our speech. Accuracy of the coda in the word-medial position is important as a diagnostic indicator since it has a close relationship with degrees of disorder. Coda in the word-medial position only appears in condition of connecting two vowels and the sequence causes diverse phonological processes to happen. The coda in the word-medial position differs in production difficulty by the initial sound in the sequence. Accordingly, this study aims to examine the tendency of producing a coda in the word-medial position with consideration of an optional phonological process in spontaneous speech of three and four year old children. Data was collected from 24 children (four groups by age) without speech and language delay. The results of the study are as follows: 1) Sonorant coda in the word-medial position showed a high production frequency in manner of articulation, and alveolar in place of articulation. When the coda in the word-medial position is connected to an initial sound in the same place of articulation, it revealed a high frequency of production. 2) The coda in word-medial position followed by an initial alveolar stop revealed a high error rate. Error patterns showed regressive assimilation predominantly. 3) The order of difficulty that Children had producing codas in the word-medial position was $/k^{\neg}/$, $/p^{\neg}/$, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/ and /l/. Those results suggest that in targeting coda in the word-medial position for evaluation, we should consider optional phonological process as well as the following initial sound. Further studies would be necessary which codas in the word-medial position will be used for therapeutic purpose.

• 말소리와 음성과학
• /
• 제9권4호
• /
• pp.123-128
• /
• 2017

This study aims to compare the performance of syllable identification task according to auditory and visual stimuli presentation methods and syllable position. Twenty-two typically developing children (age 4-6) participated in the study. Three-syllable words were used to identify the first syllable and the final syllable in each word with auditory and visual stimuli. For the auditory stimuli presentation, the researcher presented the test word only with oral speech. For the visual stimuli presentation, the test words were presented as a picture, and asked each child to choose appropriate pictures for the task. The results showed that when tasks were presented visually, the performances of phonological awareness were significantly higher than in presenting with auditory stimuli. Also, the performances of the first syllable identification were significantly higher than those of the last syllable identification. When phonological awareness task are presented by auditory stimuli, it is necessary to go through all the steps of the speech production process. Therefore, the phonological awareness performance by auditory stimuli may be low due to the weakness of the other stages in the speech production process. When phonological awareness tasks are presented using visual picture stimuli, it can be performed directly at the phonological representation stage without going through the peripheral auditory processing, phonological recognition, and motor programming. This study suggests that phonological awareness skills can be different depending on the methods of stimulus presentation and syllable position of the tasks. The comparison of performances between visual and auditory stimulus tasks will help identify where children may show weakness and vulnerability in speech production process.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.18-26
• /
• 1997

There are two types of phonetic study, acoustic and physiologic, for differentiating the three manner categories of Korean stop consonants. On the physiologic studies, there are endoscopic, electromyographic(EMG), electroglottographic(EGG) and aerodynamic studies. In this study, I tried to investigate general features of Korean stops using EGG study for the open quotient of vocal fold and baseline shift during speech, and aerodynamic characteristics for e subglottal air pressure, air flow and glottal resistance at consonants. On the aerodynamic study, the glottalized and aspirated stops may be characterized by e increasing subglottal pressure comparing with lenis stop at consonants. The airflow is largest in the aspirated stops followed by lenis stops and glottalized. The glottal airway resistance (GAR) showed highest in the glottalized followed by the lenis, but lowest in e aspirated during e production of consonants, and showed highest in e aspirated, but low in the glottalized and lenis during the production of vowel. The glottal resistance at consonant showed significant difference among consonants and significant interaction between subject and types of consonant. The glottal resistance at vowel showed significant difference among consonants, and e interaction occured between subject and types of consonant. The electroglottography(EGG) has been used for investigating e functioning of e vocal folds during its vibration. The EGG should be related to the patterns of the vocal fold vibration during phonation in characterizing the temporal patterns of each vibratory cycle. The purpose of this study is to investigate the dynamic change of EGG waveforms during continuous speech. The dynamic changes of EGG waveforms fir the three-way distinction of Korean stops were characterized that the aspirated stop appears to be characterized by largest open quotient and smallest glottal contact area of the vocal folds in e initial portion of vocal fold vibration ; the lenis stop by moderate open quotient and glottal contact area ; but the glottalized stop by smallest open quotient and largest glottal contact area. There may be close relationship between the OQ(open quotient) in the initial voice onset and the glottal width at the time of consonant production, the larger glottal width just before vocal fold vibration results in the smaller OQ of the vocal fold vibration in the initial voice onset. The EGG changes of baseline shift during continuous speech production were characterized by the different patterns for the three types of Korean consonants. The small and less stiffness change of baseline shift was found for the lenis and the glottalized, and the largest and stiffest change was found for the aspirated. On the baseline shift for the initial voice onset, they showed so similar patterns with for the consonant production, larger changed in the aspirated. for the lenis and the glottalized during the initial voice onset, three subjects showed individual difference each other. I suggest at s characteristics were strongly related with articulatory activity of vocal tract for the production of consonant, especially for the aspirated stop. The suspecting factors to affect EGG waveforms are glottal width, vertical laryngeal movement and the intrapharyngeal pressure to neighboring tissue during connected spech. So the EGG may be an useful method to describe laryngeal activity to classify pulsing conditions of the larynx during speech production, and EGG research can be controls for monitoring the vocal tract articulation, although above factors to affect EGG would have played such a potentially role on vocal fold vibratory behavior obtained using consonant production.