• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.719-726
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• 2002

In this paper, we present a layered watermarking technique for digital audio data that is capable of detecting timing change and adapting complexity in detection. The proposed watermarking uses echo hiding as the first layer, which enables the detector to estimate linear speed change. The spread spectrum watermark is then inserted in the second layer which includes additional information like copyright data. We use two kinds of sequences in the second layer, one of which is for synchronization and the other is for data. The results of previous layer are used to make estimate of timing change in the next layer. The detector in the presented method can select detecting range form the first layer to the first layer, second pre-layer, or second main-layer due to the required system specification. Experimental results show that the proposed watermarking technique is robust to several processing attacks including timing change.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.2513-2533
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• 2018

In cognitive radio technology, the overall efficiency of communications systems can be improved without allocating additional bands by allowing a secondary system to utilize the licensed band when the primary system, which has the right to use the band, does not use it. In this paper, we propose a fast and reliable common channel initialization protocol without any exchange of initialization messages between the cluster head and the member nodes in cognitive ad-hoc networks. In the proposed method, the cluster and member nodes perform channel-based spectrum sensing. After sensing, the cluster head transmits a system activation signal through its available channels with a predetermined angle difference pattern. To detect the cluster head's transmission channels and to join the cluster, each member node implements fast Fourier transform (FFT) and computes autocorrelation for the angle difference sequence of the received signal patterns. This is compared to the predetermined reference angle difference pattern. The join-request and channel-decision procedures are presented in this paper. Performance evaluation of the proposed method is presented in the simulation results.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.684-702
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• 2011

This paper proposes a TDMA-based multichannel medium access control (MAC) protocol for QoS provisioning in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) that enables nodes to transmit their packets in distributed channels. The IEEE 802.11 standard supports multichannel operation at the physical (PHY) layer but its MAC protocol is designed only for a single channel. The single channel MAC protocol does not work well in multichannel environment because of the multichannel hidden terminal problem. Our proposed protocol enables nodes to utilize multiple channels by switching channels dynamically, thus increasing network throughput. Although each node of this protocol is equipped with only a single transceiver but it solves the multichannel hidden terminal problem using temporal synchronization. The proposed energy efficient multichannel MAC (EM-MAC) protocol takes the advantage of both multiple channels and TDMA, and achieves aggressive power savings by allowing nodes that are not involved in communications to go into power saving "sleep mode". We consider the problem of providing QoS guarantee to nodes as well as to maintain the most efficient use of scarce bandwidth resources. Our scheme improves network throughput and lifetime significantly, especially when the network is highly congested. The simulation results show that our proposed scheme successfully exploits multiple channels and significantly improves network performance by providing QoS guarantee in MANETs.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.1054-1062
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• 1991

In this paper a communication system using direct sequence spread spectrum (DS/SS) technique is constructed to transmit burst format data over power line channel with impulsive noise and narrowband interferences. Fast code synchronization is acquired by digital matched filter and data decision is accomplished by sampling pulses. In order to examine the performance of the power line communication system, but error rate and packet loss rate are measured over the simulation channel with various noise sources. When the packet composed of 1-bit preamble and 63-bit data is transmitted under very high burst impulsive noise, the bit error rate is about 10$^3$-10$^4$ and the packet loss rate is below 0.07.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.91-98
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• 2015

As one of solutions to obtain efficient use of limited spectrum resource, we suggest a methodology for the co-channel multi-site radar operations with a shifted linear frequency modulation (SLFM) based on GPS clock. The proposed algorithm is that we find a candidate set of SLFM signals with the minimum acceptable level of the correlation from the cross-correlation characteristics among selected SLFM signals. To verify the proposed methodology, numerical analysis has been accomplished for several radars operating in the same channel with a sawtooth or triangle LFM signal. The computational results of detected distances as well as range profiles are also examined for interference, noise, and algorithm limitation including the error of clock synchronization.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.33 no.1C
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• pp.86-93
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• 2008

The Galileo system, a global navigation satellite system(GNSS) developed by E.U., uses the direct sequence/spread spectrum(DS/SS) modulation. A DS/SS-based system performs a fine synchronization between the received and locally generated spreading signals, via attacking process. In the absence of multipath signals, using the symmetric characteristic of the correlation function, the delay lock loop with the early minus late discriminator(EL-DLL) offers the best performance in tracking. However, in the presence of multipath signals, the symmetry of the correlation function could be lost, causing a tracking bias. In this paper, we observe that the correlation values in the advanced offset range remain almost unchanged, due to the multipath signals being received later than a line-of-sight signal. Based on this observation, we propose a novel tracking scheme for a Galileo BOC(1,1) system.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.989-998
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• 1993

In a bursty user traffic mode, ALOHA random multiple access protocol achieves higher performance than any conventional fixed assignment technique. One of central problems in slotted ALOHA is synchronization. Because of the long propagation delay in satellite mobile communication, packet may be spilt over into adjacent slots and thus guard time may be included between packet intervals. In conventional ALOHA channels, simultaneous transmission by two or more users results in a collision : the unsuccessful packets have to be retransmitted according to some retransmission algorithm. However, in a radio environment, users are often at different distances from the receiver : therefore, their received signals have substantially different power levels. The packet arriving with the highest energy now has a good chance of being detected accurately. Similarly, in some spread-spectrum random access systems, the earliest arriving packet dominates later arriving packets and thus captures the channel. In this paper slotted ALOHA channel with non zero guard time and capture probability is studied. Using the Markovian model, the performance of slotted ALOHA with guard time and capture effects is derived and compared with that of the conventional ALOHA via numerical analysis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.271-277
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• 2003

Recently as the environmental noise getting influential social problem, it is the fact that the demand on noise reduction increases with the advance of the standard of living. Therefore increasing the interest on the noise in common, it is eagerly demanded that the endeavour for reducing the noise of the rotating machinery, especially the machinery related a flowing including the household electric products, which is pointed out the primary noise source in environment. As proceeding study for fan noise, theory of fan noise property is arranged and this control method is shown. Blade passage noise of total noise spectrum. Thus in the aspect of noise reduction, noise source and identification of noise radiation characteristics of axial flow fan are demanded in detail. The sound source is analyzed by using sound pressure and sound intensity. In that time, synchronization of axial flow fan using optical sensor is executed, and to identify the location of exact noise source in the fan profile determination of recording time is proposed. In the rotating of tan, it is explained that the location of noise source exists in and by the directivity, the noise radiation pattern of axial flow fan is determined and the flow of sound is visualized in the figure of contour mapping.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.8 no.1 s.14
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• pp.145-151
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• 2004

For wide-band spread spectrum communication systems such as IMT-2000, a digital matched filter is a key device for rapid spreading code synchronization. Although a digital matched filter can be implemented easily, large power consumption at the higher chip rate and large summation delay of longer chip length are the bottleneck of practical use. In this paper, we propose a optimized partial correlation digital matched filter structure which can be constructed of the so-called generalized hierarchical Golay sequence. a partial correlation structure can reduce the number of correlators, but enlarge the size of flip-flops. In this paper, The proposed approach focuses on efficient circuit size, power dissipation, maintaining the operating throughput. A proposed digital matched filter reduce the size of flip-flops by rounding method. and it reduces about 45 percentages of power dissipation and chip area as compared with digital matched filter which is not rounded. rounding. The proposed architecture was verified by using Xilinx FPGA.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.33 no.5A
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• pp.479-486
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• 2008

In this paper, an efficient training symbol design with m-sequence is proposed for the MIMO-OFDM based next generation wireless transmission system which supports gigabits per second data rate. In the traditional blute force method, the preamble design is based on the case by case comparison with the system requirements. This paper discusses a training symbol design methodology for the MIMO-OFDM system based on the m-sequence which has been widely used in the spread spectrum communication areas due to its good correlation characteristics. Also the step-by-step design and performance verification method within the limited search space is discussed. The proposed method targets the design of the training symbol which satisfies system requirements for the packet based MIMO-OFDM wireless communication system including automatic gain control(AGC), timing synchronization, frequency and sampling offset estimation, and MIMO channel estimation.