• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.520-544
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• 2021

This study aims to develop a scientific creativity test for exploring the relationship between elementary students' creative process and product. For this, the researcher reviewed the literatures of scientific creativity and developed the items based on the constructs of creative process and product. After a review conducted by nine science education specialists, a pilot test, and additional revision and supplementation of observation test, the test, consisting of two sets-"animals" and "plants"-was finally conducted on 105 fifth-grade students. The test results were analyzed by using statistical analysis software. WinSteps, SPSS, and AMOS. The main findings from this study are as follows. First, when it comes to scientific creativity, creative process consists of science knowledge, inquiry skills, and creative thinking skills (divergent, convergent, and associative thinking skills). Creative product in science is a new and scientifically useful idea realized in a certain form. Second, observation, which was selected as a representative inquiry skill in this research, should not be related to creative thinking skills. Third, among the rest of the items, usefulness had the lowest averages, as it was, perhaps, difficult to satisfy the teachers' criteria for the scientific validity and usefulness. Fourth, the Spearman correlation coefficients between the items of "animals" and "plants" to find out the parallel-form reliability were significant, except for the item of originality. Fifth, the test was satisfactory with regard to the three aspects of construct validity-convergent, discriminant, and nomological. This study concludes by discussing the usefulness of this test, which has the possibility of exploring the relationship between creative process and product and of playing a role as an authentic evaluation tool in school.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.333-342
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to identify the mediating effects of family function in the relationship between depression and health promotion behavior among university students. Data were collected from December 1 to December 31, 2018 and the participants included 340 university students, who responded to the question regarding health promotion behavior, family function and depression. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Spearman's correlation coefficients, and multiple regression, mediation regression analysis of Baron and Kenny using the SPSS/WIN 23.0 program. As a result, A negative correlation is found between health promotion behavior and depression (r=-.48, p<.001), and positive correlation is among family function (r=33, p<.001), negative correlation is found between depression and family function (r=-.45, p<.001). family function have a partial mediating effect on the relationship between depression and health promotion behavior (Sobel test: -2.53, p<.05). Results of this study suggest that it is important to manage family function to improve health promotion behavior caused by depression.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.297-303
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• 2022

Background: This retrospective study aimed to determine whether there were correlations between the number and type of accompanying symptoms of peripheral facial nerve palsy, and surface electromyography (SEMG) and clinical assessment scales to help diagnosis. Methods: There were 30, cases of peripheral facial nerve palsy at Visit 1 to the Korean Medicine Hospital, Dong-eui University, 22 cases at Visit 2 and 10 cases at Visit 3. The study period was from July 19, 2021 to November 31, 2021. Symptoms were evaluated three times (with two-week intervals which began 7 days from onset) using SEMG, clinical assessment scales and accompanying symptoms. In this study, the House-Brackmann grading system (HBGS), and the Yanagihara's unweighted grading system (Y-score) clinical assessment scales were used. The Pearson or Spearman correlation was used for statistical analysis. Results: On Visit 1, the number of accompanying symptoms of peripheral facial nerve palsy had no significant correlation with other measures. On Visits 1-3, the HBGS score had a significant negative correlation with the Y-score. On Visit 2, most of the mean values measured had significant correlations with each other although not between SEMG-Z and SEMG-O that Z means a zygomaticus muscle and O means a orbicularis oris muscle. On Visit 3, the number of accompanying symptoms significantly correlated with the clinical assessment scales. The HBGS score, Y-score, and SEMG measurements (except SEMG-Z) had significant correlations with each other. A significant positive correlation between SEMG-Z and SEMG-T was noted. Conclusion: We predict accompanying symptoms can be used to diagnose the peripheral facial nerve palsy including both clinical assessment scales and SEMG measurements at 2-5 weeks after onset.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.203-211
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• 2022

PURPOSE. The aim of this study was to introduce rating criteria to evaluate student performance in a newly developed, digital wax-up preclinical program for computer-aided design (CAD) of full-coverage crowns and preliminarily investigate the reliability and internal consistency of the rating system. MATERIALS AND METHODS. This study, conducted in 2017, enrolled 47 fifth-year dental students of Okayama University Dental School. Digital wax-up training included a fundamental practice using computer graphics (CG), multipurpose CAD software programs, and an advanced practice to execute a digital wax-up of the right mandibular second molar (#47). Each student's digital wax-up work (stereolithography data) was evaluated by two instructors using seven qualitative criteria. The total qualitative score (0-90) of the criteria was calculated. The total volumetric discrepancy between each student's digital wax-up work and a reference prepared by an instructor was automatically measured by the CAD software. The inter-rater reliability of each criterion was analyzed using a weighted kappa index. The relationship between the total volume discrepancy and the total qualitative score was analyzed using Spearman's correlation. RESULTS. The weighted kappa values for the seven qualitative criteria ranged from 0.62 - 0.93. The total qualitative score and the total volumetric discrepancy were negatively correlated (ρ = -0.27, P = .09, respectively); however, this was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION. The established qualitative criteria to evaluate students' work showed sufficiently high inter-rater reliability; however, the digitally measured volumetric discrepancy could not sufficiently predict the total qualitative score.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.67-76
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• 2023

PURPOSE: The study compared the satisfaction of the exercise program in a face-to-face and non-face-to-face manner with the same exercise program. METHODS: This study was conducted through convenience sampling for 57 seniors over 65 years of age. After conducting 30 minutes of the same exercise program face-to-face on the first visit and non-face-to-face on the second visit, a satisfaction survey was conducted. The survey data were processed statistically using SPSS 26.0 (SPSS Inc, IBM, USA). An independent t-test was used to compare the type of exercise program. The Spearman's Rank Correlation was conducted to correlate the satisfaction between cognitive function and education level. RESULTS: The overall satisfaction with the face-to-face program was higher than the non-face-to-face exercise programs. All three satisfaction items in face-to-face exercise programs were higher than in non-face-to-face exercise programs (p < .05). The main source of dissatisfaction in the case of face-to-face exercise programs was having a good relationship with people for face-to-face and a 'lack of communication' in the case of non-face-to-face. CONCLUSION: The elderly showed higher satisfaction in face-to-face exercise than in non-face-to-face exercise. This study is significant in that accurate satisfaction comparison was possible by conducting the same exercise program on the same subject for a relatively short time, and through this, the development of an exercise program was suggested.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.64 no.3
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• pp.539-563
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• 2022

Nine pig farms were evaluated for the welfare quality in Korea using animal- and environment-based parameters (particularly air quality parameters) during the winter of 2013. The Welfare Quality^® (WQ^®) protocol consists of 12 criteria within four principles. The WQ^® protocol classifies farms into four categories ranging from 'excellent' to 'not classified'. Each of these criteria has specific measures for calculating scores. Calculations for the welfare scores were conducted online using the calculation model in the WQ^® protocol. Environment-based parameters like microclimate (i.e., temperature, relative humidity, air speed, and particulate matter), bacteria (total airborne bacteria, airborne total coliform, and airborne total Escherichia coli), concentration of gases (carbon dioxide, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide) were measured to investigate the relationship between animal- and environment-based parameters. Correlations between the results of animal- and environment-based parameters were estimated using spearman correlation coefficient. The overall assessments found that five out of nine farms were 'acceptable', and four farms were 'enhanced'; no farm was 'not classified'. The average score for the four principles across the nine farms, in decreasing order, were 'good feeding' (63.13 points) > 'good housing' (59.26 points) > 'good health' (33.47 points) > 'appropriate behaviors' (25.48 points). In the result of the environment aspect, the relative humidity of farms 2 (93.4%), 3 (100%), and 9 (98%) was much higher than the recommended maximum relative humidity of 80%, and four out of the nine farms had ammonia concentrations greater than 40 ppm. Ammonia had negative correlations with 'positive social behaviors' and positive emotional states: content, enjoying, sociable, playful, lively, happy and it had positive correlations with negative emotional states: aimless, distressed. The concentration of carbon dioxide had negative correlations with positive emotional states; calm, sociable, playful, happy and it had a positive correlation with negative emotional state; aimless. Our results indicate that the control of the environment for growing pigs can help improve their welfare, particularly via good air quality (carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.391-403
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• 2023

Purpose: This study evaluated the validity of a physical activity classification table (PACT) based on total energy expenditure (TEE) and physical activity level (PAL) measured using the doubly labeled water (DLW) method in Korean adults and the elderly. Methods: A total of 141 (male 70, female 71) adults and elderly were included. The reference standards TEE_DLW, PAL_DLW were measured over a 14-day period using DLW. A 24-hour physical activity diary was kept for three days (two days during the week and one day on the weekend). PAL_PACT was calculated by classifying the activity type and intensity using the PACT. PAL_PACT was multiplied by resting energy expenditure measured by indirect calorimetry to estimate TEE_PACT. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 50.5 ± 18.8 years, and the mean body mass index was 23.4 ± 3.3 kg/m². A comparison of TEE_DLW and TEE_PACT by sex and age showed no significant differences. The bias, the difference between TEE_DLW and TEE_PACT, was male 17.3 kcal/day and female -4.5 kcal/day. The percentage of accurate predictions (values within ± 10% of the TEE_DLW) of TEE_PACT was 58.6% in males and 54.9% in females, with the highest prediction values in the age group 40-64 years (70.9%) in males and over 65 years (73.9%) in females. The spearman correlation coefficient (r) between TEE_PACT and TEE_DLW was 0.769, indicating a significant positive correlation (p < 0.001). Conclusion: In this study, the use of a new PACT for calculating TEE and PAL was evaluated as valid. A web version of the software program and a smartphone application need to be developed using PACT to make it easier to apply for research purposes.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.962-972
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• 2023

Objective: This study determined the effects of dietary treatments and castration on meat quality, fatty acids (FAs) profiles, and volatile compounds in Korean native black goats (KNBG, Capra hircus coreanae), including the relationship between the population of rumen microbiomes and meat FA profiles. Methods: Twenty-four KNBG (48.6±1.4 kg) were randomly allocated to one of four treatments arranged into a 2×2 factorial structure. The factors were dietary forage to concentrate ratio (high forage [HF, 80:20] and low forage [LF, 20:80]), and a castration treatment (castration [CA] vs non-castration [NCA]). Results: Among meat quality traits, the CA group exhibited a higher percentage of crude fat and water holding capacity (p<0.05). The profiles of the saturated fatty acid (SFA) in meat sample derived from CA KNBG showed a significantly lower percentage compared to NCA individuals, due to the lower proportion of C14:0 and C18:0. Feeding a high-forage diet to KNBG increased the formation of C18:1n7, C18:3n3, C20:1n9, C22:4n6 in meat, and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) profiles (p<0.05). Consequently, the n6:n3 ratio declined (p<0.05). There was an interaction between dietary treatment and castration for formation of C20:5n3 (p<0.05), while C18:1n9, C22:6n3, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and the MUFA:SFA ratio were influenced by both diet and castration (p<0.05). Nine volatile compounds were identified and were strongly influenced by both dietary treatments, castration (p<0.05), and their interaction. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) revealed distinctly different odor patterns in the NCA goats fed LF diets. Spearman correlation analysis showed a high correlation between rumen bacteria and meat PUFAs. Conclusion: These results suggest the essential effects of the rumen microbial population for the synthesis of meat FAs and volatile compounds in KNBG meat, where dietary intake and castration also contribute substantially.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.221-228
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• 2023

Background: We assessed the relationship between patient age and remifentanil dosing rate in patients managed under general anesthesia with spontaneous breathing using low-dose remifentanil in sevoflurane. Methods: The participants were patients with an American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status of 1 or 2 maintained under general anesthesia with low-dose remifentanil in 1.5-2.0% sevoflurane. The infusion rate of remifentanil was adjusted so that the spontaneous respiratory rate was half the rate prior to the induction of anesthesia, and γ^H (㎍/kg/min) was defined as the infusion rate of remifentanil under stable conditions where the respiratory rate was half the rate prior to the induction of anesthesia for ≥ 15 minutes. The relationship between γ^H and patient age was analyzed statistically by Spearman's correlation analysis. Results: During dental treatment under general anesthesia using low-dose remifentanil in sevoflurane, a significant correlation was detected between γ^H and patient age. The regression line of y = - 0.00079 x + 0.066 (y-axis; γ^H, x-axis; patient's age) was provided. The values of γ^H provide 0.064 ㎍/kg/min at 2 years and 0.0186 ㎍/kg/min at 60 years. Therefore, as age increases, the dosing rate exhibits a declining trend. Furthermore, in the dosing rate of remifentanil when the patient's respiratory rate was reduced by half from the preanesthetic respiratory rate, the dosing rate provided was around 0.88 mL/h in all ages if the remifentanil was diluted as 0.1 mg/mL. EtCO₂ showed 51.0 ± 5.7 mmHg, and SpO₂ was controlled within the normal range by this method. In addition, all dental treatments were performed without major problems, such as awakening and body movement during general anesthesia, and the post-anesthetic recovery process was stable. Conclusion: General anesthesia with spontaneous breathing provides various advantages, and the present method is appropriate for minimally invasive procedures.

• 한국노년학
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.487-499
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to find out the degree of powerlessness factors among elderly and by examining the variables(perceived health status, ability of daily living activity, self-esteem, depression, family support, loneliness) which affect such factors. By searching for methods to improve the quality of life for the elderly, efficient nursing procedures can be developed, thereby leading to successful aging. For the study, we purposively collected 300 elderly above the age of 65, residing in the areas of Seoul, Inchon, and Daejeon. 266 samples, survived the data screening, were analyzed by reliability analysis, Spearman correlation, and a multiple regression. As the results, first, the correlated factors of the elderly's powerlessness included depression(r=.597, p<.01), loneliness (r=.423, p<.01), ability of daily living activity(r=.374, p<.01), perceived health status(r=-.304, p<.01), family support(r=-.384, p<.01), and self-esteem(r=-.420, p<.01). Second, factors influencing of powerlessness of them were to show in order of depression(β=.373), loneliness(β=.265), spouse(β=.099), family support(β=.090), monthly allowances(β=.013), these variables accounted for 45.7% of the variance of the elderly's powerlessness. Depression showed to be the most important of the powerlessness factors for the elderly. These findings suggest that nursing researchers need to consider important factors affecting the elderly's powerlessness and nursing interventions focusing on the issues need to be developed.