• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
• /
• 제23권1E호
• /
• pp.31-39
• /
• 2004

Backscattered underwater signals from multiple scatterers contain information regarding resolvable spatial distribution of scatterers. This experimental study describes the spectral characteristics of backscattered signal from multiple scatterers, which are regularly or randomly spaced, in terms of their amplitude and phase and a proper signal analysis that will eventually provide scatterer spacing estimation. Air-filled tubes suspended in water, steel balls and plastic tubes buried in the sediment are the multiple scatterers. The cepstrum and the spectral autocorrelation (SAC) methods were used to estimate the scatterer spacing from the backscattered signals. It was found that the SAC method could be improved by employing singular value decomposition (SVD) to extract the effective rank for the spectral components. Unlike the conventional method of estimating the density of scatterers within the insonified volume of water, this type of estimation method would provide better understanding of the spatial distribution of scatterers in the ocean.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한원격탐사학회 2003년도 Proceedings of ACRS 2003 ISRS
• /
• pp.570-572
• /
• 2003

In this paper, a method of vegetation spectrum measurement using multi spectrum camera was studied. Each pixel in taken images using multi spectrum camera have spectrum data, the relationship between spectrum data and distribution, structure, etc. are directly turned out. In other words, detailed spectrum data information of object including spatial distribution can be obtained from those images. However, the camera has some problems for applying field measurement and data analysis. In this study, those problems are solved.

• 한국공간구조학회논문집
• /
• 제19권4호
• /
• pp.95-102
• /
• 2019

In this study, the reliability of the analysis is evaluated by comparing the average wind pressure coefficient, RMS wind pressure coefficient and wind pressure spectrum with same condition of wind tunnel test which are calculated in the high-Reynolds number range of 1.2×10⁶, 2.0×10⁶ each for the typical curved shape dome structure. And it is examined by the reliability of analysis through Improved delayed detached Eddy Simulation(IDDES), which is one of the hybrid RANS/LES techniques that can analyze the realistic calculation range of high Reynolds number. As a result of the study, it was found that IDDES can be predicted very similar to the wind tunnel test. The distribution pattern of the wind pressure coefficient and wind pressure spectrum showed a similar compared with wind tunnel test.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한원격탐사학회 2003년도 Proceedings of ACRS 2003 ISRS
• /
• pp.1261-1263
• /
• 2003

Based on twelve observational stations low meteorological visibility (LMV) data during November 2002 to April 2003, the spatial distribution of LMV over Hongkong area (113.8$^{\circ}$ E-114.4$^{\circ}$ E, 22.1$^{\circ}$ N-22.4$^{\circ}$ N) is studied, using a PCA method. Optical spectrum of NOAA-16 associated with LMV shows that the significant effect factors correlated with LMV in the leading mode are the difference or rate between the visible and near-IR channels and single visible channel. A successful retrieval of LMV is done and a regression equation with a multiple correlation coefficient of 0.67 is obtained.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SP
• /
• 제42권5호
• /
• pp.11-18
• /
• 2005

본 논문에서는 영상의 에너지 분포에 따른 통계적 특성과 대역확산방법 (direct sequence spread spectrum)을 이용한 웨이블릿 기반의 비디오 워터마킹(watermarking) 방법을 제안하였다. 제안한 방법에서는 원 비디오를 공간 영역에서 움직임의 다소에 따라 분류된 움직임이 큰 영역과 움직임이 적은 영역을 공간계차측정 (spatial difference metric)방법에 의해 나누어진 장면 (scene) 단위로 각각 3차원 DWT와 2차원 DWT를 수행하여 3 레벨 및 2 레벨로 각각 분해한다. 비가시성과 견고성을 만족시키기 위해 기저대역을 제외한 레벨 3 및 레벨 2에서 부대역 계수값의 표준편차를 이용하여 문턱값을 정하고 워터마크가 삽입될 계수를 각각 선택한다. 그리고 워터마크(watermark)는 시각적인 정보를 가진 이진 영상으로 임의 교환 (random permutation) 후 대역확산방법을 이용하여 비디오 워터마크로 대체되어 선택된 계수에 삽입된다. 제안한 방법의 성능 평가를 위한 모의실험 결과에서 기존의 방법보다 비가시성 및 견고성이 우수함을 확인하였다.

• 천문학회지
• /
• 제44권2호
• /
• pp.49-58
• /
• 2011

We calculate the energy spectra of cosmic ray (CR) protons and electrons at a plane shock with quasi-parallel magnetic fields, using time-dependent, diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) simulations, including energy losses via synchrotron emission and Inverse Compton (IC) scattering. A thermal leakage injection model and a Bohm type diffusion coefficient are adopted. The electron spectrum at the shock becomes steady after the DSA energy gains balance the synchrotron/IC losses, and it cuts off at the equilibrium momentum $p_{eq}$. In the postshock region the cutoff momentum of the electron spectrum decreases with the distance from the shock due to the energy losses and the thickness of the spatial distribution of electrons scales as $p^{-1}$. Thus the slope of the downstream integrated spectrum steepens by one power of p for $p_{br}$ < p < $p_{eq}$, where the break momentum decreases with the shock age as $p_{br}\;{\infty}\;t^{-1}$. In a CR modified shock, both the proton and electron spectrum exhibit a concave curvature and deviate from the canonical test-particle power-law, and the upstream integrated electron spectrum could dominate over the downstream integrated spectrum near the cutoff momentum. Thus the spectral shape near the cutoff of X-ray synchrotron emission could reveal a signature of nonlinear DSA.

• Advances in Computational Design
• /
• 제8권3호
• /
• pp.219-236
• /
• 2023

In this paper, finite element modeling of the laser ultrasonics (LU) process in ablation regime is of interest. The momentum resulting from the removal of material from the specimen surface by the laser beam radiation in ablation regime is modeled as a pressure pulse. To model this pressure pulse, two equations are required: one for the spatial distribution and one for the temporal distribution of the pulse. Previous researchers have proposed various equations for the spatial and temporal distributions of the pressure pulse in different laser applications. All available equations are examined and the best combination of the temporal and spatial distributions of the pressure pulse that provides the most accurate results is identified. This combination of temporal and spatial distributions has never been used for modeling laser ultrasonics before. Then by using this new model, the effects of variations in pulse duration and laser spot radius on the shape, amplitude, and frequency spectrum of ultrasonic waves are studied. Furthermore, the LU in thermoelastic regime is simulated by this model and compared with LU in ablation regime. The interaction of ultrasonic waves with a defect is also investigated in the LU process in ablation regime. Good agreement of the results obtained from the new finite element model and available experimental data confirms the accuracy of the proposed model.

• 천문학회지
• /
• 제45권4호
• /
• pp.93-99
• /
• 2012

We present a 1.1mm emission map of the OMC1 region observed with AzTEC, a new large-format array composed of 144 silicon-nitride micromesh bolometers, that was in use at the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT). These AzTEC observations reveal dozens of cloud cores and a tail of filaments in a manner that is almost identical to the submillimeter continuum emission of the entire OMC1 region at 450 and $850{\mu}m$. We perform Fourier analysis of the image with a modified periodogram and the density power spectrum, which provides the distribution of the length scale of the structures, is determined. The expected value of the periodogram converges to the resulting power spectrum in the mean squared sense. The present analysis reveals that the power spectrum steepens at relatively smaller scales. At larger scales, the spectrum flattens and the power law becomes shallower. The power spectra of the 1.1mm emission show clear deviations from a single power law. We find that at least three components of power law might be fitted to the calculated power spectrum of the 1.1mm emission. The slope of the best fit power law, ${\gamma}{\approx}-2.7$ is similar to those values found in numerical simulations. The effect of beam size and the noise spectrum on the shape and slope of the power spectrum are also included in the present analysis. The slope of the power law changes significantly at higher spatial frequency as the beam size increases.

• 한국어류학회지
• /
• 제32권3호
• /
• pp.148-159
• /
• 2020

본 연구는 동해 중부 연안에 서식하는 명태의 연직 분포와 개체 크기의 계절 및 연간 변화를 분석하였다. 2016년 1월부터 2018년 2월까지 채집된 명태 개체의 전장은 16.6 cm~81.5cm 범위를 나타내었으며, 50~600 m 사이의 수심대에서 어획되었다. 이 중 25~35 cm 그룹이 차지하는 비율은 45.5%, 35~45 cm 그룹이 차지하는 비율은 27.2%를 나타내며 높은 비율을 차지하였다. 평균 전장은 1월에 가장 크고, 6월에 가장 작았으며, 6월 이후 점차 증가하는 계절주기 변동 특성을 나타내었다. 25 cm 미만 그룹은 100~200 m 수심에 서식하는 비율이 겨울철에 가장 높으며, 이후 봄, 여름, 가을에는 보다 깊은 수심으로 주 서식처를 변화하여 400 m 이상 수심에서 서식하는 비율이 40% 이상을 차지하였다. 25~35 cm와 35~45 cm 개체 그룹의 겨울철 연직 분포는 400 m 이상 수심에서 서식하는 비율이 45% 이상을 기록하였으며, 봄과 여름에는 보다 얕은 수심영역으로 서식처를 변화하여 200 m 미만 수심에서 서식하는 비율이 증가하였다. 이후 가을부터는 다시 서식하는 수심대가 깊어져 300 m 이상 수심의 비율이 증가하였다. 45 cm 이상 개체 그룹은 뚜렷한 계절 변동성을 나타내지 않으며 300 m 이상 수심에서 서식하는 비율이 가장 높았다. 이러한 명태의 연직 분포는 서식처의 물리적 환경 변화에 영향을 받는다. 특히, 상층부의 수온이 상승하고 수온약층 아래 100~300 m 수심대의 수온이 하강한 시기에는 300 m 이상의 깊은 수심대에서 어획되는 비율은 감소한 반면, 수온이 하강한 100~300 m 수심대에서 어획되는 비율이 증가하였다.

• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제26권1호
• /
• pp.11-24
• /
• 2018

Full-scale measurements of wind action on the open roof structure of the WuXi grand theater, which is composed of eight large-span free-form leaf-shaped space trusses with the largest span of 76.79 m, were conducted during the passage of Typhoons HaiKui and SuLi. The wind pressure field data were continuously and simultaneously monitored using a wind pressure monitoring system installed on the roof structure during the typhoons. A detailed analysis of the field data was performed to investigate the characteristics of the fluctuating wind pressure on the open roof, such as the wind pressure spectrum, spatial correlation coefficients, peak wind pressures and non-Gaussian wind pressure characteristics, under typhoon conditions. Three classical methods were used to calculate the peak factors of the wind pressure on the open roof, and the suggested design method and peak factors were given. The non-Gaussianity of the wind pressure was discussed in terms of the third and fourth statistical moments of the measured wind pressure, and the corresponding indication of the non-Gaussianity on the open roof was proposed. The result shows that there were large pulses in the time-histories of the measured wind pressure on Roof A2 in the field. The spatial correlation of the wind pressures on roof A2 between the upper surface and lower surface is very weak. When the skewness is larger than 0.3 and the kurtosis is larger than 3.7, the wind pressure time series on roof A2 can be taken as a non-Gaussian distribution, and the other series can be taken as a Gaussian distribution.