• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.229-246
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• 2017

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the potential asymmetry in price competition between the geographically defined submarkets of the lodging industry, namely the traditional and alternative accommodation facilities. Design/methodology/approach The study utilizes a spatial econometric model to empirically test for the hypothesized asymmetry in price competition. Property-level panel data on hotels and alternative accommodation facilities collected from a major online travel agency (OTA: Agoda.com) was used for this purpose. Findings Result of the analysis shows significant intra-segment spatial price competition among the properties, that is, within hotels and within alternative accommodation submarkets, respectively. However, the inter-segment competition was found to be asymmetric as hypothesized. Room rates of hotels are influenced by prices of geographically close alternative accommodations, but the reverse does not hold. Implications for practitioners and suggestions for future research are discussed along with the findings of the study.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.419-428
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• 2018

Spatial point-patterns analyses were conducted to provide insight into the ecological process behind competition and mortality in two lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) stands, one in the Lower Foothills, and the other in the Upper Foothills natural subregions in the boreal forest of Alberta, Canada. Spatial statistical tests were applied to live and dead trees and included Clark-Evans nearest neighbor statistic (R), nearest neighbor distribution function (G(r)), and a variant of Ripley's K function (L(r)). In both lodgepole pine plots, the results indicated that there was significant regularity in the spatial point-pattern of the surviving trees which indicates that competition has been a key driver of mortality and forest dynamics in these plots. Dead trees generally showed a clumping pattern in higher density patches. There were also significant bivariate relationships between live and dead trees, but the relationships differed by natural subregion. In the Lower Foothills plot there was significant attraction between live and dead tees which suggests mainly one-sided competition for light. In contrast, in the Upper Foothills plot, there was significant repulsion between live and dead trees which suggests two-sided competition for soil nutrients and soil moisture.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.553-581
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• 2014

This paper analyzes competition among service stations in the Korean gasoline market. We consider spatial differentiation as a source of product differentiation as well as the characteristics of the stations and vertical contracts between refiners and retailers as factors causing changes in equilibrium prices in the Korean gasoline retail market. The effect of the government's price disclosure policy on the retail market competition is also analyzed. Moran's I test indicates that the prices of neighboring gas stations are spatially correlated in the market. It is also found that gasoline prices for vertically integrated stations are much lower than those for independent stations. In addition, unbranded stations charge lower prices than branded stations but also induce branded stations to price more competitively. Meanwhile, the government's price disclosure policy did intensify price competition in the retail gasoline market. It is inferred that the price disclosure policy contributed to retailers gaining more bargain power in price negotiation with refiners, causing an eventual increase in retail prices.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.11-17
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• 2009

Rural Amenity Design Competition is opened every year since 2003 having an intention of improving spatial design and planning of rural area through developing values of rural amenity resources and applying in that area. The subject of this competition is broad and there's no limit in locations so that various solutions and original ideas could be proposed. This research examined 165 prizewinning works of the competition and analyzed the locations and areas, aims, main resources, spatial planning contents and experience programs to find out trends of rural spatial design. According to the study, the prizewinning works tends to 1) include spatial plan for an existing village planning, 2) aim rural tourism for citizens and increasement of resident's incomes, 3) develop vegetation and agricultural resources, 4) plan for natural landscape, commercialization of local special productions and agriculture, and 5) propose ecological experience programs. The same theme of the competition repeated every year had led to advanced design skills but also a stagnant of design contents. A subject and a main goal of the Rural Amenity Design Competition should be departmentalized each time hereafter to make for the weak points and propose progressive direction for the rural spatial design.

• Korean Architects
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• s.613
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• pp.82-107
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• 2020

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.15-27
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• 2004

The Seoul Woods Design Competition in 2003 was one of the most remarkable events within the field of landscape architecture in Korea since the Yeo-Ui Do Square Park Design Competition in the mid 1990s. This study examines the overall procedure, evaluations and competition guidelines for the Seoul Forest Park Design Competition and identifies the implications and issues related to Korean landscape architecture. In addition this study analyzes the design concepts, strategies and spatial composition, and programs of five selected design worts including the best awarded work. This study also examines key features and issues from the five selected design works. Finally, this study examines a new trend of landscape design in Korea, which can be observed at the Seoul Forest Park Design Competition. In this study, it is argued that the Seoul Forest Park Design Competition had significant implications for landscape architecture in Korea. Firstly, the Seoul Forest Park Design Competition was the greatest project in Korea in terms of its size. Therefore, it shows us an enhanced status of Korean landscape architecture. Secondly, the Seoul Forest Park Design Competition provided a good opportunity to redefine the concept of 'park' in Korean modern society. Thirdly, through the Seoul Forest Park Design Competition, we can observe a dramatic change and developments in Korean landscape design since the 1990s, as well as the present status of landscape design competitions in Korea. And this study identifies an emphasis of a program in design, an evolution in ecological approach an diminishment in concern of Korean tradition, and a change in design methods and media, which are some aspects of Korean contemporary landscape design observed at the Seoul Forest Park Design Competition.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.5
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• pp.501-507
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• 2008

The data of crown width with 4 directions, DBH, tree height, and coordinate for sample trees were collected from 30 permanent sample plots in secondary fore st of the Maoershan Experimental Forestry Farm, Northeast China. In this paper, the competition of individual trees in stand were discussed for secondary forest by using iterative Hegyi competition index and crown overlap index that represented the competitive and cooperative interactions among neighboring trees. Active competitors of subject tree in the competition zone were selected to calculate the iterative competition index. Using the results of crown classification based on the equal crown projection area, a new distance dependent competition index called crown overlap index (COI) was developed for secondary forest. The COI performed well in describing the crown competition rather than crown competition factor (CCF). The individual-based competition index discussed in this paper will provide more precise for developing individual tree growth models for secondary forest and it can also use to adjust the stand structure for spatial optimal management.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.125-134
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• 2016

This study intends to identify the spatial characteristics by carrying out the case studies of supportive housing examples of the Top Ten Projects awarded by the AIA Committee on Environments. Information of 7 awarded works was collected and content analysis was made according to design concepts and spatial compositions. As a result, the major design concepts applied to the examples were categorized into 5 points of regeneration of community, accessibility to the community, enhancement of spatial capability, participation and consensus of stakeholders and resident support services. Many supportive houses were built as a project to regenerate the deprived area and to reactivate the community through supplying supportive houses. In addition, supportive houses were developed by independent house type and shared house type and diverse scopes and sizes of community spaces were provided by including residents' exclusive community spaces that provide diverse services to vulnerable residents in addition to individual residential spaces and the community spaces that promote the consensus of residents and community people. The results of this study are expected to be used as basic material that provides the direction of desirable spatial design for introducing supportive housings in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.379-389
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• 2002

In this paper, we study the competition between two kinds of suppliers, a bricks and mortars(B&M) and a clicks and mortars(C&M). Using the circular spatial market model, we derive and analyze the Nash and Stackelberg equilibria as a function of offline market share and efficiency of online channel of the C&M supplier. The result can be summarized as follows: (1) Stackelberg equilibrium is always superior to the Nash equilibrium, (2) Under certain conditions, the price of online channel can be higher than that of offline channel, (3) It is impossible for the C&M supplier to encroach on all of the B&M supplier's market, (4) In some cases, the C&M supplier has incentive to lower the efficiency of its online channel for more profit.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.179-187
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• 2019

This study aims to investigate the effects of market commonality and resource similarity on price competition and the recursive consequences in the Korean lodging market. Price comparison among hotels in the same geographic market has been facilitated through the development of information technology, rendering little search cost of consumers. While the literature implies the heterogeneous price attack and response among hotels, a limited number of empirical researches focus on the asymmetric and recursive pattern in the competitive dynamics. This study empirically examines the price interactions in the Korean lodging market based on the theoretical framework of competitive price interactions and countervailing power. Demonstrating superiority to the spatial lag model and the ordinary least squares in the estimation, the results from spatial error model suggest that the hotels with longer operational history pose an asymmetric impact on the price of the newer hotels. The asymmetry is also found in chain hotels over the independent, further implying the possibility of predatory pricing. The findings of this study provide the evidence of a hierarchical structure in the price competition, with different countervailing power by the resources of the hotels. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed, with suggestions for future study.