• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.207-223
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• 2021

Objectives : This paper studied the different disease sites according to Yin and Yang deviation and the principal to applying the Five Shu Points acupuncture method to these sites of the Yin-Yang needling method as explained in the Shouyaogangrou chapter of the Lingshu. Methods : Of the seasonal needling method in the Neijing, the principle to managing the Five Shu Points and indications of each point were examined. Next, clinical applications of the Five Shu Points were analyzed. Descriptions of clinical expression were collected and examined to understand the underlying pattern. Results : If we connect the disease sites of the Yin-Yang needling method to the Five Shu Points needling method according to the seasonal changes, the Yang of Yin connects to Spring, Yin of Yang to Summer, Yang of Yang to Autumn, and Yin of Yin to Winter. Of the needling site, the collateral vessel is the collateral vessel of Spring, 'Meridian of Yin' is the meridian of the Yin domain or the meridian points of the Yin meridian. 'He of Yang' is the He point of the Yang meridian, and the Yin Xing and Shu are the Xing and Shu points of the Yin meridian. Upon examining cases in the Neijing where the Five Shu Points were applied, it could be found that the Xing and Shu points of the Yin meridian were used together, while the He point of the Yang meridian was used to eliminate Yang pathogen or to stimulate Yang qi, which matches the Yin-Yang needling method of the Shouyaogangrou chapter of the Lingshu. Conclusions : The Yin and Yang of the needling sites from the Yin-Yang needling method in the Shouyaogangrou chapter of the Lingshu refers to the Yin and Yang meridians, or the Yin and Yang domains. In the context of disease site description, the former Yin and Yang describes a spatial aspect, while the latter Yin and Yang refers to the vicissitudes of qi according to temporal change.

• 한국정보전자통신기술학회논문지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.211-216
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• 2022

스테가노그래피 기술은 커버 매체의 특정 위치에 비밀 메시지를 대체시켜 숨겨진 정보의 존재를 추적할 수 없도록 보호 조치를 한다. 암호화와 스테가노그래피를 기반으로 다양한 복합적인 방법을 적용하여 보안성과 저항성을 강화한다. 특히 보안성을 향상시키기 위해 혼돈과 무작위성을 높이는 기법이 필요하다. 실제로 이산코사인변환(DCT)과 최하위 비트(LSB) 기반에서 셔플링 방식이 적용된 경우는 연구가 진행되어야 할 영역이다. 메시지 숨김의 복잡성을 추가할 수 있는 비트 정보 셔플링 방식을 통합하고, 공간 영역 기법을 스테가노그래피에 적용하여 한글 메시지의 비트 정보를 은닉하는 새로운 접근 방법을 제시한다. 메시지를 추출할 때 역셔플링을 적용한다. 이 논문에서, 삽입하려는 한글 메시지를 초성, 중성, 종성으로 분리한다. 대응된 정보에 기반한 선택적 셔플링 과정을 적용하여 보안성과 혼돈성을 향상시킨다. 제안된 방법의 성능을 확인하기 위해 상관계수와 PSNR을 이용하였다. 기준값과 비교했을 때 제안한 방법의 PSNR 값이 타당하다는 것을 확인하였다.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2023년도 학술발표회
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• pp.161-161
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• 2023

Bias correction of values is a necessary step in downscaling coarse and systematically biased global climate models for use in local climate change impact studies. In addition to univariate bias correction methods, many multivariate methods which correct multiple variables jointly - each with their own mathematical designs - have been developed recently. While some literature have focused on the inter-comparison of these multivariate bias correction methods, none have focused extensively on the effect of diverse configurations (i.e., different combinations of input variables to be corrected) of climate variables, particularly high-dimensional ones, on the ability of the different methods to remove biases in uni- and multivariate statistics. This study evaluates the impact of three configurations (inter-variable, inter-spatial, and full dimensional dependence configurations) on four state-of-the-art multivariate bias correction methods in a national-scale domain over South Korea using a gridded approach. An inter-comparison framework evaluating the performance of the different combinations of configurations and bias correction methods in adjusting various climate variable statistics was created. Precipitation, maximum, and minimum temperatures were corrected across 306 high-resolution (0.2°) grid cells and were evaluated. Results show improvements in most methods in correcting various statistics when implementing high-dimensional configurations. However, some instabilities were observed, likely tied to the mathematical designs of the methods, informing that some multivariate bias correction methods are incompatible with high-dimensional configurations highlighting the potential for further improvements in the field, as well as the importance of proper selection of the correction method specific to the needs of the user.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제23권9호
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• pp.8-16
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• 2023

In Japan, high-speed ground transportation service using linear motors at speeds of 500 km/h is scheduled to begin in 2027. To accommodate 5G services in trains, a subcarrier spacing frequency of 30 kHz will be used instead of the typical 15 kHz subcarrier spacing to mitigate Doppler effects in such high-speed transport. Furthermore, to increase the cell size of the 5G mobile system, multiple base station antennas will transmit identical downlink (DL) signals to form an expanded cell size along the train rails. In this situation, the forward and backward antenna signals are Doppler-shifted in opposite directions, respectively, so the receiver in the train may suffer from estimating the exact Channel Transfer Function (CTF) for demodulation. In a previously published paper, we proposed a channel estimator based on Delay and Doppler Profiler (DDP) in a 5G SISO (Single Input Single Output) environment and successfully implemented it in a signal processing simulation system. In this paper, we extend it to 2×2 MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) with spatial multiplexing environment and confirm that the delay and DDP based channel estimator is also effective in 2×2 MIMO environment. Its simulation performance is compared with that of a conventional time-domain linear interpolation estimator. The simulation results show that in a 2×2 MIMO environment, the conventional channel estimator can barely achieve QPSK modulation at speeds below 100 km/h and has poor CNR performance versus SISO. The performance degradation of CNR against DDP SISO is only 6dB to 7dB. And even under severe channel conditions such as 500km/h and 8-path inverse Doppler shift environment, the error rate can be reduced by combining the error with LDPC to reduce the error rate and improve the performance in 2×2 MIMO. QPSK modulation scheme in 2×2 MIMO can be used under severe channel conditions such as 500 km/h and 8-path inverse Doppler shift environment.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.275-291
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• 2023

This paper has focused on presenting vibration analysis of trapezoidal sandwich plates with 3D-graphene foam reinforced polymer matrix composites (GrF-PMC) core and FG wavy CNT-reinforced face sheets. The porous graphene foam possessing 3D scaffold structures has been introduced into polymers for enhancing the overall stiffness of the composite structure. Also, 3D graphene foams can distribute uniformly or non-uniformly in the plate thickness direction. The effective Young's modulus, mass density and Poisson's ratio are predicted by the rule of mixture. In this study, the classical theory concerning the mechanical efficiency of a matrix embedding finite length fibers has been modified by introducing the tube-to-tube random contact, which explicitly accounts for the progressive reduction of the tubes' effective aspect ratio as the filler content increases. The First-order shear deformation theory of plate is utilized to establish governing partial differential equations and boundary conditions for trapezoidal plate. The governing equations together with related boundary conditions are discretized using a mapping-generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) method in spatial domain. Then natural frequencies of the trapezoidal sandwich plates are obtained using GDQ method. Validity of the current study is evaluated by comparing its numerical results with those available in the literature. It is explicated that 3D-GrF skeleton type and weight fraction, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) waviness and CNT aspect ratio can significantly affect the vibrational behavior of the sandwich structure. The plate's normalized natural frequency decreased and the straight carbon nanotube (w=0) reached the highest frequency by increasing the values of the waviness index (w).

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.73-91
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• 2024

This paper has focused on presenting vibration analysis of trapezoidal sandwich plates with a damaged core and FG wavy CNT-reinforced face sheets. A damage model is introduced to provide an analytical description of an irreversible rheological process that causes the decay of the mechanical properties, in terms of engineering constants. An isotropic damage is considered for the core of the sandwich structure. The classical theory concerning the mechanical efficiency of a matrix embedding finite length fibers has been modified by introducing the tube-to-tube random contact, which explicitly accounts for the progressive reduction of the tubes' effective aspect ratio as the filler content increases. The First-order shear deformation theory of plate is utilized to establish governing partial differential equations and boundary conditions for the trapezoidal plate. The governing equations together with related boundary conditions are discretized using a mapping-generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) method in spatial domain. Then natural frequencies of the trapezoidal sandwich plates are obtained using GDQ method. Validity of the current study is evaluated by comparing its numerical results with those available in the literature. After demonstrating the convergence and accuracy of the method, different parametric studies for laminated trapezoidal structure including carbon nanotubes waviness (0≤w≤1), CNT aspect ratio (0≤AR≤4000), face sheet to core thickness ratio (0.1 ≤ ${\frac{h_f}{h_c}}$ ≤ 0.5), trapezoidal side angles (30° ≤ α, β ≤ 90°) and damaged parameter (0 ≤ D < 1) are carried out. It is explicated that the damaged core and weight fraction, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) waviness and CNT aspect ratio can significantly affect the vibrational behavior of the sandwich structure. Results show that by increasing the values of waviness index (w), normalized natural frequency of the structure decreases, and the straight CNT (w=0) gives the highest frequency. For an overall comprehension on vibration of laminated trapezoidal plates, some selected vibration mode shapes were graphically represented in this study.

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.27-37
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• 2010

국내 삼보사찰의 하나인 통도사에 전래되는 통도팔경의 형식과 구조 그리고 그 의미를 살펴봄으로서 '통도팔경'의 상징성과 팔경의 포치적 서사구조를 조명하기 위해 시도된 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 통도사 서쪽의 영축산이 갖는 지명의 의미와 독수리 날개깃과 같이 배경에 펼쳐진 영축산의 웅혼한 장관(壯觀) 그리고 다수의 부속암자의 원심적 배치 특성과 위용에서 통도사의 불보세계관이 잘 드러나고 있다. 또한 통도사를 중심으로 한 쌍룡농주형의 형국과 혈처(穴處) 금강계단을 중심으로 형성된 위요경관적 특성에서는 통도사의 중층적 경관전개와 구심적 경관의도가 감지된다. 통도팔경의 경관내용과 구성요소는 소나무, 대(臺), 폭포, 동천(洞天) 그리고 노을 등 물리적 경관 이외에 영지(影池)와 북소리, 종소리 등 불교의식과 관련한 범음구(梵音具)에서 파생되는 청각적 요소를 제시함으로써 중생을 교화 제도하기 위한 소리경관이 강조되고 있다. 팔경의 포치를 살펴볼 때, 통도사 영역을 일깨워주는 국장생석표를 시작으로 물과 다리 그리고 송림숲과 일주문으로 연결되는 유입부에 제1경 '무풍한송'을 배열하고, 대웅전과 금강계단을 중심으로 둘러 펼쳐진 경역의 요처에 안양동대 등에 6개경을 배치하는 한편, 영역 밖 '단조성에서 조망한 낙조'를 북단에 설정함으로써 불교적 상징성을 주요 모티브로 하는 원심적 공간구성을 보여주고 있다. 이는 수미산을 중심으로 구산팔해를 상징화한 만다라 형상의 전개와 일치한다. 더욱이 통도팔경은 사찰 경내의 요처인 주경관 요소를 배제하고 유입성과 원심성을 극대화함으로써 산문의 영역성과 중첩효과를 극대화하고 있음을 엿볼 수 있다. 팔경의 경관해석 결과로 볼 때 통도팔경은 2개경씩 4쌍의 경이 대구(對句)를 이루면서 계절성, 방향성, 공간성 그리고 시간성을 축으로 불교적 교리와 관념을 담으며 사찰 영역에서 바라본 서사적 풍경임이 발견된다. 이와 같은 표제의 성격과 포치구도는 물론 의미내용을 볼 때 통도팔경은 외적으로는 통도사의 사찰 영역성을 보다 강화시킬 위한 장치이자 가시적 표상이며, 내적으로는 시공간적 의미 속에 극락세계로의 지향 염원을 극대화하고 종교적 염원과 만다라의 중층적 성격을 강화하기 이루어진 경관 상징언어로 해석된다.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.367-385
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• 2022

본 연구는 영국기상청에서 개발된 지역기후모델 Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model version 3 regional climate model (HadGEM3-RA)로부터 모의된 동아시아 지역의 기온과 강수 결과를 평가하였다. HadGEM3-RA는 Coordinated Regional climate Downscaling Experiment-East Asia (CORDEX-EA) Phase II 영역에서 15년 (2000-2014년) 모의되었다. 동아시아 여름 몬순에 의한 HadGEM3-RA 강수대 분포는 Asian Precipitation Highly Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation of water resources (APHRODITE) 자료와 잘 일치한다. 그러나, 동남아시아 강수는 과대 모의하며 남한에서는 과소 모의한다. 특히 모의된 여름철 강수량과 APHRODITE 강수량은 남한지역에서 가장 낮은 상관 계수와 가장 큰 오차크기(RMSE)를 보인다. 동아시아 기온 예측은 과소 모의하며 겨울철 오차가 가장 크다. 남한 기온 예측은 봄 동안 가장 큰 과소 모의 오차를 나타냈다. 국지적 예측성을 평가하기 위하여 서울기상관측소 ASOS 자료와 비교한 기온과 강수의 시계열은 여름철 강수와 겨울철 기온이 과소 모의하는 공간 평균된 검증 결과와 유사하였다. 특히 여름철 강수량 증가시 과소 모의 오차가 증가하였다. 겨울철 기온은 저온에서는 과소 모의하나 고온은 과대 모의하는 경향이 나타났다. 극한기후지수 비교 결과는 폭염은 과대 모의하여, 집중호우는 과소 모의하는 오차가 나타났다. 수평해상도25km로 모의된 HadGEM3-RA는 중규모 대류계와 지형성 강수 예측에서 한계를 보였다. 본 연구는 지역기후모델 예측성 개선을 위한 초기 자료 개선, 해상도 향상, 물리 과정의 개선이 필요함을 지시한다.

• 식물조직배양학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.1-35
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• 1997

Fertilized egg, by successive cell divisions, differentiates into different tissues and organs with various structures and functions. Different cells and tissues contain different proteins, products of selective gene expression. Not all the genes in any genomes are equally active, temporal and spatial gene expression being the general rule. Present paper attempts to review the tanscriptional mechanisms or the initiations of transcription from several angles. In some of the organisms the genes in the process of transcription or the genes in the inactive state can be seen under the light microscope. Some bands of Drosophila polytene chromosomes may exhibit a swollen or puff appearance under certain conditions. A puff, unfolded or decondensed form of chromomere, represents sets of intense transcriptional activity or RNA synthesis. The heterochromatic X chromosome whose genes remain inactive in the female mammals can be visualized as a dark staining structure called Barr body, Configuration of chromatin differs between transcribed and nontranscribed chromatin. Modification to the chromatin facilitates RNA synthesis. The movement of large polymerase molecule along the DNA would probably be facilitated if some modifications of the chromatin configuration is effected. Methylation of cytosines in CG sequences is associated with inactive genes. Methylation can play a role in determination of mammalian cells during embryogenesis. Demethylation is necessary for the gene to be expressed during development A histone modification that is also known to be correlated with transcriptional capacity of chromatin is acetylation of the lysine residues of the core histones. Chromatin containing a high level of histone acetylation is very sensitive to DNase 1. For the transcription to occur TBP must first bind to the TATA box. Another TF, TF IIB, then binds to the promoter-TBP complex, facilitating the access of RNA polymerase to the transcription initiation site. As recently as eight years ago researchers assumed that histones were irrelevant to the regulation of gene expression. Histones combine with the DNA to form nucleosome of the chromatin. Histones are vital participant in gene regulation. Histone and basal factors compete for access to TATA box. When DNA is exposed to basal factors before histones are introduced, the basal factors assemble on TATA boxes preventing the access of histones, allowing transcription to occur, for transcription to begin, activator protein at the upstream activation sequence or enhancer must interact with the tail of histone H4 at TATA box and cause the histone role particle to dissociate from the TATA box leading to partial breakup of the histone core particle and allowing the basal factors to bind to the TATA box. New concept of genomic flux in contrast to the old concept of static genome has been developed based on the powerful new molecular techniques. Genomic changes such as repetitive DNAs and transposable elements, it is assumed but not yet proved, may affect some of the developmental patterns that characterize particular cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. In the last decade or so remarkable achievement have been made in the researches of the structures and functions of TFs and the specific target sequences located in promoters or enhancers where these TFs bind. TFs have independent domains that bind DNA and that activate transcription. DNA binding domain of TFs serves to bring the protein into the right location. There are many types of DNA binding domains. Common types of motifs can be found that are responsible for binding to DNA. The motifs are usually quite short and comprise only a small part of the protein structure. Steroid receptors have domains for hormone binding, DNA binding, and activating transcription. The zinc finger motif comprises a DNA binding domain. Leucine zipper consist of a stretch of amino acids with a leucine residue in every seventh position Two proteins form a dimer because they interact by means of leucine zippers on similar α-helical domain. This positions their DNA binding basic domains for interaction with the two halves of a DNA sequence with dyad symmetry of TGACTCA, ACTGAGT.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.327-335
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• 2016

본 연구는 IEC에서 제시하는 영상품질을 평가하는 조건으로는 임상적인 환경에서 디지털 방사선영상시스템(Digital Radiography System)에서의 검출기에 대한 영상품질평가를 시행하기에는 환경적인 제한점이 있기에 IEC에서 제시하는 조건과 임상검사조건을 조합한 각각의 선질에 대하여 영상품질평가를 시행한 연구입니다. 첫째, 네 가지 선질을 사용하여 MTF, NPS 영상품질평가를 하였으며, MCNPX 시뮬레이션을 이용하여 선질들에 대한 스펙트럼을 분석하여 입자 플루언스를 산정한 후 최종적으로 DQE 영상품질평가를 하였다. 둘째, 네 가지 선질들의 MCNPX 시뮬레이션을 이용하여 방사선속 밀도와 에너지, 물질의 질량에너지 흡수계수를 이용하여 전자 1 개당 공기, 물, 근육, 뼈에 대한 흡수선량률을 평가하였다. 영상품질을 평가한 결과, 네 가지 선질들의 MTF는 1.13 ~ 2.91 lp/mm 공간주파수를 나타내어 일반 X선 촬영의 진단 주파수 영역인 1.0 ~ 3.0 lp/mm를 만족하였다. NPS는 부가필터를 사용하면, 공간 주파수가 0.5 lp/mm 기준으로 NPS가 증가하다가 이후, 감소하는 경향성을 나타내었다. 부가필터 미사용하면, 공간주파수가 0.5 lp/mm 기준으로 NPS가 감소하다가 이후, 일정한 NPS 결과 값을 나타내었다. DQE는 70 kVp / unuesd added filter(21mm Al) / SID 150 cm에서 공간주파수 1.5 lp/mm 기준으로 일정한 값을 나타내다가 이후, 감소하는 경향성을 나타내었다. 나머지 선질들은 공간주파수가 증가함에 따라 감소하는 경향성을 나타내었다. 흡수선량 평가결과는 공기 < 물 < 근육 < 뼈 순서로 흡수선량이 증가함을 나타내었다. 본 연구결과를 바탕으로 다양한 임상환경에서 디지털 방사선영상시스템의 영상품질평가 방법을 제시할 수 있는 기초자료로 제공하고자 한다.