• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.62
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• pp.313-334
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• 2020

As an element of education, the educational space cannot be separated from the purpose of education. The place of education is not only the passage to deliver actual curriculum, but also the purpose itself that can be accomplished through educational content. That is because the purpose of education cannot be achieved only with instructors, students, curriculum, and methods, but requires a change in the perception of the educational space that represents the goal and the place where it all can be implemented. Nevertheless, the problem that lies with educational space is easy to be overlooked and it has been rather considered as an issue related to the finances or scale of the church. The church educational space gives birth to faith and growth, where spiritual development and experience may occur. However, the reality follows the drawbacks of conventional school classroom arrangements and structures. In addition, even if the church educational space can be arranged according to the needs of its students, it cannot deviate much from the standard uniform format. In particular, the basic environment of church educational space is similar to that of standard school system in terms of arrangement of furniture such as chairs, desks, and its physical structure. As the school system was originally designed and tailored for the purpose of delivering knowledge and standardization, the space for church education must stay away from it. Humans are born and die in a space, where encounter with God also happens. Also, communication with God causes spacial conversion to humans, changing the place of their visitation. So the church educational space must be more meticulously designed and comprehensive than that of school which pursues physical, educational, psychological, social, and artistic purposes because the church educational space pursues the liturgical elements, as well. Therefore, the Christian learning environmental arrangements must seek liturgical elements, which is the major Christian value, by placing Christian artwork or symbols for church visitors. So in this research, I want to stress the role of Christian educational space for spiritual growth and pursue intrinsic and extrinsic changes in learning environment, leading to a greater awareness of the Christian educational space.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.477-491
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to develop urban planning for mitigating thermal comfort by analyzing the relationship between various physical environmental factors and radiation fluxes focused on urban areas of Changwon city, Gyeongsangnam-do. Physical environmental factors were analyzed by sky view factor (SVF), land cover and land use types using GIS program. Radiation fluxes were measured upward and downward in solar and terrestrial radiation by mobile measurement during 3 days (2 daytime and 1 nighttime) in summer season. SVF is high in urban park less around buildings. High dense building sites were low. Downward solar radiation fluxes were the highest about $700W/m^2$ at daytime, and decreased in spatial type arranged dense buildings. Upward solar and terrestrial radiations was affected by land cover types that have thermal features such as reflectivity, emissivity, and heat capacity. Therefore, urban space needs appropriate planning with building arrangement, green walls and land cover replacement for mitigating thermal comfort in urban area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.609-616
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• 2017

National Geographic Information Institute has established a plan that preoccupies UCPs (Unified Control Points) at 2~3km intervals in urban areas by considering the distance between existing UCPs by satellite images and aerial photographs in 2015. In this study, we discussed the method of selecting the locations of optimal UCPs by simulating GPS reception environment in candidate sites for UCPs using GIS. For this purpose, we selected new candidate sites for installing UCPs using satellite images and aerial photographs, and analyzed the GPS reception environment by calculating the visibility distance from buildings around UCPs using GIS skyline analysis. The number of and the arrangement of visible satellites that are capable of GPS satellite reception from the viewpoint of sky view were showed by GIS skyline analysis. Quality evaluation results of GPS observation data were compared with average PDOP calculated from hourly PDOP and TEQC in two points of Sungkyunkwan University during 8 hours. As a result of GPS reception environment using GIS, if the PDOP increases, the data acquisition rate is lowed, and the multipath error and the cycle slip are increased. Thus, this study verified that the quality of GPS observation data can be secured by constructing three-dimensional spatial information and simulating PDOP when preoccupying multiple UCPs using GIS.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.3-14
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• 2018

For satisfying consumer needs, commercial facilities require a variety of sale-related space expressions and eye-catching product arrangements; space composition can also be a direct marketing strategy. The human eye is the sensory organ that acquires the largest amount of information, and an analysis of visual information helps in understanding visual relations between . However, the existing studies are mostly focused on analysis of still frames in experimental images, and there is a lack of studies analyzing gaze information based on mobile images of commercial spaces. Therefore, this study analyzed emotional responses through gaze information of space users in reality using a video of a movement route through a commercial facility. The analysis targeted straight sections of the moving route; based on the data acquired, sectional characteristics of five gaze intensity ranges were examined. As a result, section A, the starting point of the route, had a low gaze intensity, while section B had the highest gaze intensity. This indicates that, starting in section B, the subjects explored the space in a stable way and needed time to adapt to the experimental video. In relation to space characteristics of the gaze-concentrated area, display formats of the right stores in 4 of 6 sections received greater attention. The gaze of consumers was mostly focused on props, and big gaze information was revealed in showcase display formats of the stores. In conclusion, this analysis method can provide highly useful direct design data about merchandise display and merchandise component arrangement based on consumer visual preference.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.173-180
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• 2014

Dwelling connotes characteristics like social and cultural and technical climatic conditions, lifestyles and demands of regions, and especially, apartment, as one of dwelling types, shows various aspects of modern society. With the economic development centering on large cities, apartments have been established as universal housing forms in Seoul and Shanghai. The deepening of economic development in cities has increased small households consisting of one or two persons by affecting the population and household structure, and they've become information consumer groups. This has also influenced the size of apartment and increased the demand for small-sized housing. If the floor area is small, it is possible to use space widely according to the plan composition, so there is a need for floor planning to understand natural environment, physical environment and residents.This study compared and analyzed plan compositions of small-sized apartments which have been parceled out for the recent three years in Seoul and Shanghai. This study aims to understand housing cultures and users in the two countries depending on natural environments, living habits and spatial functions by analyzing common points and differences of public spaces like living room, dining room and kitchen, and private spaces like bedroom which have absolute effects on room arrangement and traffic line. The study results are as follows. From the perspective of natural environments, in Seoul, two-sided open cross-ventilation structure where is favorable to lighting and ventilation, occupied the biggest proportion of public space, while in Shanghai, most public spaces had lighting and ventilation structures through windows in each room. In Seoul, 3R type occupied the largest proportion of private space(87.7%), and privacy was maintained and space scale was adjusted using spaces with diverse functions such as bathroom in the couple bedroom, dress room and powder room and variable walls. But 2R type occupied the largest proportion of private space(60.2%) in Shanghai, and they emphasized private space and privacy of each room depending on major living habits. In conclusion, this study for comparing and analyzing common points and differences of small-sized apartment plan compositions in Seoul and Shanghai will provide proper guidelines for small-sized apartments to be built in Seoul and Shanghai in the future, if strong points and weak points of plan compositions in the two countries will be additionally analyzed and remedied.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.59-68
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• 2013

Focal mechanism solutions in the southwestern region of the Korean Peninsula ($34^{\circ}N-36^{\circ}N$, $126^{\circ}E-128^{\circ}E$) were obtained from the analysis of the recent 22 earthquakes ($M{\geq}2.0$) occurred from January, 2005 to March, 2011. The spatial differences between the epicenters recalculated by this study and those by KMA (Korea Meteorological Administration) and KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources) are less than $0.05^{\circ}$, indicating a small deviation. However, they become a little bit larger in the coastal area due to a biased arrangement of seismic stations. Redetermined depths of hypocenters show a difference less than 12.7 km by comparison with the depth data announced by KIGAM. Most epicenters in inland area are located closely to the lineaments. Fault plane solutions were obtained from the analysis of P and SH wave polarities, and SH/P amplitude ratios. They show strike-slip faulting or strike-slip faulting with reverse components dominantly. The P-axes trends are mainly ENE-WSW or E-W directions. The direction of fault plane and auxiliary plane with 'NNE-SSW and WNW-ESE' or 'NE-SW and NW-SE' are dominant and almost parallel to the general trends of lineaments in the study area.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.32-41
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• 2017

This study examined the arrangement attribute of each component based on the relationship among the components using space syntax at the entire complex level when analyzing the outdoor space of an apartment complex in Cheonan and as a preliminary study. The accessibility change in the access space to each space and to the facilities were examined based on a resident walking in the perspective that the outdoor spaces of the apartment complex are one spatial structure connected together. The space was divided into a total of 5 periods and the access space to the facilities and spaces located in outdoor space of the apartment complex were established as the unit space. In this study, a total of 6 analysis items were established: main complex access space, main building access space, shopping mall within complex, control office/center for senior citizens, children's playground, and resident sports facilities. In the analysis, the following conclusion was obtained. First, the accessibility to the main complex access space was high over almost all periods and the main building access space generally showed low accessibility. Second, the shopping mall showed a tendency that the closer the period, the more the accessibility is increased. Third, the control office/center for senior citizens, which can be considered as a common resident space and the children's playground out of the resident sports facilities, showed an exceptional tendency, the integration order was constantly high without a large change by the period and the control office/center for senior citizens showed the tendency for a high integration order, indicating that it is planned mainly in a location with good accessibility.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.101-104
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• 2009

This study investigated compensatory mechanisms in the brain during a verbal working memory task among people with Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD). A total of 21 college male students participated in the study: eleven AUD participants and 10 normal controls. Study participants were asked to complete the Korean version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (K-WAIS-III) prior to the fMRI experiment. Verbal 0-back and 2-back tasks were used to assess brain activities of the participants' verbal working memory. Brain scanning was performed on Siemens SONATA 1.5T Scanner while participants were performing the 0-back and 2-back tasks. Within the AUD group, participants with greater dependency to alcohol (based on DSM-IV criteria) in the past 1 year showed lower mean score on the 'Similarities' of the K-WAIS-III (r=-0.63, p<0.05, N=11). The more participants experienced alcohol withdrawal symptoms in the past 1 year, the lower the score they received on the K-WAIS-III 'Picture Arrangement' (r=-0.69, p<0.05, n=11). The fMRI regression results showed that individuals who present greater degree of alcohol dependency symptoms are likely to show greater brain activation in the bilateral middle frontal gyri (BA 9) during the verbal working memory task. The degree of alcohol withdrawal symptoms were associated with increased brain activation in the left superior and middle frontal gyri (BA8), left precentral gyrus (BA 6), and left inferior parietal lobule (BA 40). The study findings showed that the degree of alcohol abuse/dependence and withdrawal symptoms were associated with decreased cognitive function and increased activations in brain regions particularly important for abstract reasoning (BA 9), central executive (BA 9), or spatial storage (BA 40) during a working memory task. Therefore, these results could support previous studies suggesting that the neural system of people with ADD may adopt a brain compensatory mechanism to maintain normal level of cognitive functions.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.375-398
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• 2020

The purpose of the university library's reading room is to provide a space for reading books. However, with the recent increase in use as a personal learning space, discussions have been made on spaces in university libraries. The ultimate goal of this study is to analyze the utilization status of reading rooms in university libraries that exist to support students' learning activities, and then to derive preference factors according to spatial characteristics of each room. For this purpose, we selected "J" University as a research target. The log data was collected and analyzed for one year from various reading rooms in "J" University. Based on 218,939 cases generated from 40,753 users, usage patterns were analyzed according to period and space. Through the analysis results, preference factors for reading room were derived. In addition, the considerations for improving space utilization were proposed. The results of the study can be used in the future to improve space arrangement and space utilization in reading rooms of university libraries.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.209-231
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• 2015

In granite quarry, stones are generally quarried along easily separating planes called as 'rock cleavage'. Because orientation and characteristics of the rock cleavage are directly involved with easy quarrying, it is the most important factor on selecting a direction of digging. Using AMS (anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility), we attempt to interpret rock fabrics in Geochang Granite Stone (JS, SD, AR, GD, BW, MD quarry) and discuss about determination of rock cleavages and correlation between the rock fabrics and cleavages. Based on mean susceptibility, thermo-susceptibility curves, and hysteresis parameters, Ti-poor MD and/or PSD magnetites are the main contributor to AMS of the granite stones. The systematic magnetic foliations with sub-vertical dip angle are developed in the whole granite quarries. In most of the granite quarries, the magnetic foliations are significantly consistent with grain plane. In the BW quarry, which has higher $P_J$ values than the others, the magnetic foliations coincide exceptionally with rift plane. These results suggest that rock cleavages in granite stone are related to rock fabrics meaning shape and spatial arrangement of crystals. Magnetic fabrics analysis using AMS method, therefore, can be a quantitative and effective tool for determination of rock cleavages in granite quarry.