• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.193-200
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• 2007

고온을 받는 고강도 콘크리트의 폭렬현상을 해석하기 위하여 온도해석, 열응력해석 및 수분이동 해석과 더불어 콘크리트 피복의 박리여부까지 고려하여야 하는 매우 복잡하고 어려운 해석과정이 요구되나 아직 이에 대한 연구가 거의 없는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 수증기 압력을 온도와 피복두께의 함수로서 정의하고 또한 적합조건을 이용함으로써 피복콘크리트의 박리여부를 예측할 수 있는 실용적인 폭렬해석 알고리즘을 개발하였다. 폭렬해석결과 콘크리트 강도가 증가 할수록 PP섬유량이 적을수록 폭렬현상이 심하게 발생하였으며, 이는 기존의 실험결과와 유사한 경향을 나타내어 향후 고강도 콘크리트 내화설계를 위한 폭렬해석 시 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.477-483
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 전력구나 공동구와 같은 지하 콘크리트박스구조물의 화재발생시 온도분포와 박리거동에 대한 수치해석을 수행하였다. 해석에 사용된 온도장은 터널화재에 사용하는 화재곡선을 기본으로 하고 화재시 내부공간에 대한 열유체해석을 수행하여 온도분포를 결정하였다. 박리거동은 탈수화도를 따라 콘크리트의 온도가 기준값에 도달하였을때 발생하는 것으로 하였다. 이때 박리가 일어난 요소를 제거하고 경계조건과 요소망을 재생성하여 해석을 반복수행하였다. 3개의 화재 시나리오에 따라 해석을 수행하였고, 해석결과는 각 시나리오별로 타당한 박리거동을 보여주었다. 각 시나리오에 따른 구조물의 내하력은 본 논문의 2편에서 산정되었다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.279-293
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• 2008

In the present paper a 3D thermo-hygro-mechanical model for concrete is used to study explosive spalling of concrete cover at high temperature. For a given boundary conditions the distribution of moisture, pore pressure, temperature, stresses and strains are calculated by employing a three-dimensional transient finite element analysis. The used thermo-hygro-mechanical model accounts for the interaction between hygral and thermal properties of concrete. Moreover, these properties are coupled with the mechanical properties of concrete, i.e., it is assumed that the mechanical properties (damage) have an effect on distribution of moisture (pore pressure) and temperature. Stresses in concrete are calculated by employing temperature dependent microplane model. To study explosive spalling of concrete cover, a 3D finite element analysis of a concrete slab, which was locally exposed to high temperature, is performed. It is shown that relatively high pore pressure in concrete can cause explosive spalling. The numerical results indicate that the governing parameter that controls spalling is permeability of concrete. It is also shown that possible buckling of a concrete layer in the spalling zone increases the risk for explosive spalling.

• 한국화재소방학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국화재소방학회 2008년도 추계학술논문발표회 논문집
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• pp.422-427
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• 2008

The major cause of Concrete Spalling at high temperatures can be divided into the Vapor Pressure Rising, caused by the increase in free water temperature within the concrete, and Pore Pressure Rising induced by the vapor moving into dense pores within the concrete. Although the occurrence of spalling within concrete caused by these pressure increases can be assessed experimentally, a close examination into Mechanistic influence against various spalling factors shall be carried out first by using Mathematical Modeling and Theoretical Equations. The Spalling Prospect Process by theoretical mechanism is expedited in order of the following; selection of heating condition (fire strength and flame heating direction), a selection of constituent elements, an analysis of heat transmission, an analysis of moisture movement, distribution of water content, an analysis of pore/vapor pressure, and assessment of spalling occurrence.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.71-81
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• 2008

A macroscopic finite element model is applied to investigate the effect of fire induced spalling on the response of reinforced concrete (RC) beams. Spalling is accounted for in the model through pore pressure calculations in concrete. The principles of mechanics and thermodynamics are applied to compute the temperature induced pore pressure in the concrete structures as a function of fire exposure time. The computed pore pressure is checked against the temperature dependent tensile strength of concrete to determine the extent of spalling. Using the model, case studies are conducted to investigate the influence of concrete permeability, fire scenario and axial restraint on the fire induced spalling and also on the response of RC beams. Results from the analysis indicate that the fire induced spalling, fire scenario, and axial restraint have significant influence on the fire response of RC beams. It is also shown that concrete permeability has substantial effect on the fire induced spalling and thus on the fire response of concrete beams. The fire resistance of high strength concrete beams can be lower that that of normal strength concrete beams due to fire induced spalling resulting from low permeability in high strength concrete.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.409-423
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• 2024

Using an extensive database, a sensitivity analysis across fifteen machine learning (ML) classifiers was conducted to evaluate the impact of various data manipulation techniques, evaluation metrics, and explainability tools. The results of this sensitivity analysis reveal that the examined models can achieve an accuracy ranging from 72-93% in predicting the fire-induced spalling of concrete and denote the light gradient boosting machine, extreme gradient boosting, and random forest algorithms as the best-performing models. Among such models, the six key factors influencing spalling were maximum exposure temperature, heating rate, compressive strength of concrete, moisture content, silica fume content, and the quantity of polypropylene fiber. Our analysis also documents some conflicting results observed with the deep learning model. As such, this study highlights the necessity of selecting suitable models and carefully evaluating the presence of possible outcome biases.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.271-282
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• 2019

Concrete undergoes a series of thermo-based physio-chemical changes once exposed to elevated temperatures. Such changes adversely alter the composition of concrete and oftentimes lead to fire-induced explosive spalling. Spalling is a multidimensional, complex and most of all sophisticated phenomenon with the potential to cause significant damage to fire-exposed concrete structures. Despite past and recent research efforts, we continue to be short of a systematic methodology that is able of accurately assessing the tendency of concrete to spall under fire conditions. In order to bridge this knowledge gap, this study explores integrating novel artificial intelligence (AI) techniques; namely, artificial neural network (ANN), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and genetic algorithm (GA), together with traditional statistical analysis (multilinear regression (MLR)), to arrive at state-of-the-art procedures to predict occurrence of fire-induced spalling. Through a comprehensive datadriven examination of actual fire tests, this study demonstrates that AI techniques provide attractive tools capable of predicting fire-induced spalling phenomenon with high precision.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.109-135
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• 2020

전 세계적으로 지하의 고심도화는 다양한 시설 개발의 목적으로 관심도가 높은 상황이다. 고심도 지하공간의 개발은 암반의 구조적 안정성이 바탕이 되어야 한다. 고심도 지하공간에서는 스폴링이 구조적 안정성에 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려져 있다. 스폴링을 예측하기 위해서 많은 연구자들은 터널 주변에서 발생하는 응력상태, 암반상태 및 암종에 따라 제안하였다. 또한, 현지에서 측정된 결과와 FLAC, EXAMINE, UDEC, Insight 2D, FRACOD 등의 컴퓨터 모델링을 이용하여 스폴링 해석 방법에 대한 검증이 수행되었다. 캐나다 URL(Underground Research Tunnel)에서는 스폴링 현상에 대한 정확한 예측을 위해 CWFS(Cohesion Weakening Frictional Strengthening)모델을 제안하고 이를 비교 분석하였다. CWFS 모델은 스폴링 현상을 예측하는데 신뢰도 높은 방법으로 확인되었다. 본 연구에서는 고심도 암반에서의 스폴링 발생에 대한 사례들을 분석하고 스폴링 발생조건과 CWFS 모델의 예측 결과를 비교하였다. 이를 통해 고심도 조건에서의 광주를 대상으로 스폴링 예측에 대한 적용성을 검토하고자 하였다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.311-330
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• 2006

Standard compression tests of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) cylinders are conducted to formulate compressive stress versus compressive strain relationship of SFRC. Axial pullout tests of SFRC specimens are also conducted to explore its tensile stress strain relationship. Cover concrete spalling and reinforcement buckling models developed originally for normal reinforced concrete are modified to extend their application to SFRC. Thus obtained monotonic material models of concrete and reinforcing bars in SFRC members are combined with unloading/reloading loops used in the cyclic models of concrete and reinforcing bars in normal reinforced concrete. The resulting path-dependent cyclic material models are then incorporated in a finite-element based fiber analysis program. The applicability of these models at member level is verified by simulating cyclic lateral loading tests of SFRC columns under constant axial compression. The analysis using the proposed SFRC models yield results that are much closer to the experimental results than the analytical results obtained using the normal reinforced concrete models are.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2009년도 추계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.93-96
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• 2009

The objective of this study is to analyze the insulation characteristics of the polylon hybrid fiber inserted high-strength RC beam and slab produced as a single body and the results of this study can be summarized as follows. In the spalling mechanism as an insulation characteristic, the slab of the single body type specimen shows an exposure in concrete covers at the center of slab and that leads to the spalling, which exposures reinforcing bars. In the case of the beam, the spalling was presented at several sections as a type of peel spalling before and after 10 minutes from the insulation test. Whereas, although the internal temperature history of concrete represents the highest range as 581℃ in the case of the center of the bottom of beam base, it can be considered that it satisfies the regulation of insulation certification.