• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.90-98
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• 1994

Introduction : Bovine mastitis is an economically and a hygienically important disease of dairy cows. Many factors predispose to bovine mastitis and an understanding of these is essential for systems of effective mastiris control to be formulated. The presence of non-pathogenic bacteria on body surfaces can protect against invasion by more pathogenic organisms. Bacteria of low pathogenicity (minor pathogens) are frequently isolated from the healthy bovine udder and may play an important role in protecting the udder from infection with pathogenic bacteria. The treatment of bovine mastitis is important for choosing adequate antimicrobias, and it take the base on the result of susceptibility to antimicrobias. Therefore, the current of numbers feeding dairy cattle were increasing and prevalence rate of bovine mastiris was occurred in 1.5~57.3%.(abbreviation)

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2004

We purified and characterized a crude polysaccharide from Spirodela polyrhiza with anti-complement activities. The crude polysaccharide fraction (SP-0) which had potential anti-complement activity was extracted in hot water for 4 hrs at 10$0^{\circ}C$. The ethanol-precipitate, the crude polysaccharide traction (SP-1), showed a potent anti-complement activity. Further purification of the crude polysaccharide (SP-1) was carried out by cetavlon, ion exchange chromatography and gel column chromatography. Among cetavlon fractions, SP-4 showed the most potent anti-complement activity. When 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL of SP-4 was incubated with an equal volume of normal human serum (NHS), the TCH$_{50}$ was reduced by about 78%. When the SP-4 fraction was further purified by DEAE-Sepharose (Cl$^{[-10]}$ ), the SP-4IIa, SP-4IIb and SP-4IIc, absorbed fractions, were almost the same as the anti-complement activities of SP-4. SP-4IIc, having the greatest potential activation and the highest yield by ion exchange chromatography, was further purified by gel column chromatography on a Sepharose CL-6B column. Four polysaccharide fractions of SP-4IIc-1, SP-4IIc-2, SP-4IIc-3 and SP-4IIc-4 were obtained, consisting mainly of arabinose, rhamnose, galactose and glucose, with approximate molecular weights of about 305,000, 132,000, 64,000 and 12,000, respectively. Among these subfractions, SP-4IIc-1 had the most potent anti-complement activity. When the SP-4IIc-1 aggregate was applied to a gel column chromatography in 10 mM and 50 mM NaCl solution, the position of the peak fractions shifted to a low molecular weight region, and the molecular weight of SP-4IIc-1 decreased with increased NaCl concentration in the gel column chromatography. It was found that the self-aggregation formed spontaneously in void volume by gel column chromatography using Sepharose CL-6B in water and the self-aggregation significantly affected the anti-complement function.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.1174-1181
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• 2003

A part of Aspergillus oryzae koji was replaced with Bacillus sp. koji to improve the quality of kochujang, and the resulting effects on enzyme activities, microbial characteristics, and physicochemical properties were investigated during fermentation. The activity of amylase was higher in the kochujang prepared with Asp. oryzae koji. The activity of protease increased as the ratio of Bacillus. sp. koji increased. Viable cell counts of yeast and bacteria of the kochujang increased with increasing ratio of Bacillus sp. koji. The Hunter a-values of the Bacillus sp. koji kochujang were higher, and the degree of increase in the total color difference $({\Delta}\;E)$ was lower in the Bacillus sp. koji group. Consistency and water activity of the kochujang prepared with Bacillus sp. koji was higher, and the pH and titratable acidity of the kochujang also changed slightly. As the ratio of Asp. oryzae koji increased, sugar content decreased. However, the ethanol content of the kochujang did not significantly change. Amino nitrogen content of the kochujang increased, while ammonia nitrogen content decreased as the ratio of Bacillus sp. koji increased. After 12 weeks of fermentation, the result of sensory evaluation showed that C kochujang (75% of Asp. oryzae koji replaced by Bacillus sp.) was more acceptable (p<0.05) than the other groups in taste, color, flavor, and overall acceptability.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.326-331
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• 2006

In the present study, we examined biosorption characteristics of heavy metals onto the extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) produced by the purple nonsulfur photosynthetic bacteria Rhodopseudomonas sp. KH4, which was isolated from a stream in Anyang, Kyonggi-Do. When Cd (100 mg/L) and Cu (100 mg/L) were added to EPS (1.0 g/L) in the optimal condition (Cd; pH 8, Cu; pH 5, $40^{\circ}C$), 84.2 mg/L of Cd and 70.0 mg/L of Cu were adsorbed within 30 min and 10 min, respectively. When 100 mg/L of Cd and Cu were present as mixture, 16.8 mg/L of Cd and 48.7 mg/L of Cu were adsorbed at $25^{\circ}C$, pH 5. The maximum adsorption capacity determined by fitting Langmuir isotherms model was suitable for describing the biosorption of Cd (76.9 mg/g) and Cu (67.1 mg/g) by EPS. The neutral monosaccharide in the EPS determined by GC consisted of arabinose (2.4%), glucose (7.1%) and mannose (90.5%).

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.261-265
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• 2000

To develope the enhanced bacterial strains capable of biodegradation for various chlorinated aromatic compounds, 100 bacterial strains were isolated from soil samples of suburbs of Taejon, Cheongju, and Jeonju by the enrichment culture. These strains can degrade pentachlorophenol (PCP) which is a kind of wood preservatives. Nineteen strains of the isolates were selected by fast colony-forming rate on solid minimal media containing PCP as an only source of carbon and energy. These strains were identified to genus level. Fifteen strains were identified as Pseudomonas, 1 strain as Acinetobacter and 3 strains were not. Genus Alcaligenes strains were not found among them. Pseudomonas sp. MU135. MU139, MU163 and MU 184 were able to degrade for 4 kinds of chlorinated compounds, PCP, 2,4-D, MCPA and 3CB. Pseudomonas sp. If was observed that MU139 exhibits the highest degradability in liquid minimal media at 72 hours after inoculation. Pseudomoans sp. MU147, MU177, MU184 and MU192 also degraded the compounds at higher rates. As the results, Pseudomonas sp. MU139 and unidentified strain MU184 had biodegrability for broad range of chlorinated compounds and higher rates of degradation for PCP.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.20 no.2 s.91
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• pp.116-122
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• 2005

The feasibility of using bacterial cultures with the ultimate aim for the marine environmental clean-up was explored. The present study reports on the bacterial elimination of nitrogens and phosphorus by strains CK-10 and CK-13 isolated from shrimp farming pond. The strains were identified as genus Bacillus on the basis of BIOLOG test, and designated as Bacillus sp. CK-10 and Bacillus sp. CK-13, respectively. Removal of nitrogens $(NH_4^+,\;NO_2^-,\;or\;NO_3^-)$ or phosphorus $(PO_4^{-3})$ as single N or P source was studied with single cultures under aerobic conditions. Complete elimination of all nitrogens in the concentration range of $100-400{\mu}M$ was achieved in single cultures as well as co-cultures within the given incubation period. Similar results were obtained from the test cultures containing $125-599{\mu}M\;PO_4^{3-}$. Simultaneous removal of all N/P was monitored in the co-cultures. As the results, $400{\mu}M\;NH_4^+\;and\;NO_2^-$ were eliminated within 12hrs and $400{\mu}M\;NO_3^-\;and\;500{\mu}M\;PO_4^{-3}$ were completely disappeared within 36 hrs from the media. The work demonstrated that co-cultures improved the concurrent removal of N/P from the media.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.180-188
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• 2015

The bacterial strain isolated from Kimchi showed antibacterial activity against Micrococcus luteus IAM 1056. The selected strain was identified as Lactococcus lactis by 16S rRNA nucleotide sequence analysis and named as Lactococcus sp. KD 28. The treatment of culture supernatant with proteinase K removed antibacterial activity, indicating its proteinaceous nature, a bacteriocin. This bacteriocin was sensitive to hydrolytic enzymes such as ${\alpha}$-chymotrypsion, trypsin, proteinase K, lipase, ${\alpha}$-amylase and subtilisin A. The bacteriocin was highly thermostable and resistant to heating at $80^{\circ}C$ for up to an hour but 50 % of the total activity was remained at $100^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. The pH range from 2.0 to 8.0 had no effect on bacteriocin activity and it was not affected by solvents such as acetonitrile, isopropanol, methanol, chloroform and acetone up to 50% concentration. The bacteriocin showed antibacterial activity against M. luteus IAM 1056, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis KCTC 1058, Enterococcus faecium KCTC 3095, Bacillus cereus KCTC 1013, B. subtilis KCTC 1023, Listeria ivanovii subsp. ivanovii KCTC 3444, Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus KCTC 1916, B. megaterium KCTC 1098 and B. sphaericus KCTC 1184. The bacteriocin was purified through ammonium sulfate concentration, SP-Sepharose chromatography and RP-HPLC. The molecular weight was estimated to be about 3.4 kDa by tricine-SDS-PAGE analysis.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.245-251
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• 2011

[ ${\alpha}$ ]Galactosidase was purified from a culture filtrate of Mortierella sp. by CM-sephadex C-50, and subsequent Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. The final preparation thus obtained showed a single band on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight was determined to be 56 kDa. $Gal^3Man^4$ ($6^3$-mono-O-${\alpha}$-D-galactopyranosyl-4-O-${\beta}$-D-mannotetraose), $Gal^{2,3}Man_5$ ($6^{2,3}$-di-O-${\alpha}$-D-galactopyranosyl-4-O-${\beta}$-D-mannopentaose), $Gal_2Man_3$ ($6^2$-mono-O-${\alpha}$-D-galactopyranosyl-4-O-${\beta}$-D-mannotriose), $Gal^2Man_6$ ($6^2$-mono-O-${\alpha}$-D-galactopyranosyl-4-O-${\beta}$-D-mannohexaose) and $Gal^2Man_5$ ($6^2$-mono-O-${\alpha}$-D-galactopyranosyl-4-O-${\beta}$-D-mannopentaose), prepared from 3 types of microbial ${\beta}$-mannnanase, were used as substrates. $Gal^3Man_4$ and $Gal^2Man_3$ had a stubbed ${\alpha}$-galactosyl residue on the $2^{nd}$ and $3^{rd}$ mannose from the reducing end of mannotetraose and mannotriose, thus ${\alpha}$-galactosidase showed a preference for stubbed ${\alpha}$-galactosyl residue. ${\alpha}$-Galactosidase hydrolyzed $Gal^3Man_4$ more rapidly than $Gal^2Man_3$. However, ${\alpha}$-galactosidase hardly acted on $Gal^{2,3}Man_5$, $Gal^2Man_6$ or $Gal^2Man_5$. The enzyme hydrolyzed melibiose to galactose and glucose, raffinose to galactose and sucrose, and also stachyose to galactose and raffinose.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.27-39
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of hot water treatment and pH corrected lime sulfur combination treatment on the fungicidal and bacterial disinfection effects and germination rate of organic lettuce seeds. Among the followers, Alternaria sp. was infected 53.3% and Aspergillus sp. and Cladosporium sp. Infected 14.5% and 5.4%, respectively. Bacteria were isolated only Pseudomonas sp., and infected with 16.5%. In order to investigate the effect of disinfection on the temperature of hot water (45℃, 50℃, 55℃ and 60℃). The seed germination rate sharply decreased with increasing temperature and treatment time. The germination effect and germination rate of the follower were highest when hot water treatment was carried out for 20 minutes in hot water at 50℃. In the case of combined treatment of 50℃ hot water for 10 min and 0.4% pH adjusted lime sulfur mixture, showed the highest sterilization effect and germination rate with 100% and 97.6%, respectively. The results of this study can contribute to the development of technology to sterilize not only seed surface but also fungi and bacteria inside of seed.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.486-492
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• 2007

Seminal plasma(SP) is usually removed from semen that is to be cryopreserved. However, some reports indicate that SP has beneficial effects on spermatozoa during chilling and freezing. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of SP on sperm survival by adding SP to the extender before cooling and freezing canine spermatozoa. In replicate experiments, ejaculates obtained from four healthy dogs(1-4 years old) of various breeds were pooled, centrifuged at $300{\times}g$ for 10 min at $25^{\circ}C$, and the supernatant of seminal plasma was decanted. Spermatozoa were suspended in egg yolk-Tris(EYT) buffer. The study comprised two experiments: [Exp 1] Sperm were suspended in EYT extender containing either 0, 20, 40, 80 or 100% SP and were slowly cooled to $4^{\circ}C$ for 2h or held at $25^{\circ}C$ as controls. Sperm concentration was adjusted to $2{\times}10^8/ml$. [Exp II] Sperm samples, each of which contained $1{\times}10^8/ml$, were assigned to nine groups to be frozen. In the first four groups, sperm in EYT containing either 20, 40, 80 or 100% SP were cooled to $4^{\circ}C$, then diluted to contain final concentrations of EYT+0.6M glycerol and then were frozen. The final concentrations of SP were 10, 20, 40 or 50%. In the other four groups, sperm in EYT alone were first cooled slowly to $4^{\circ}C$, then diluted to contain final concentrations of EYT+0.6M glycerol plus 10, 20, 40 or 50% SP and then were frozen. Spermatozoa, which chilled in EYT alone and diluted to contain final concentrations of EYT+0.6M glycerol without seminal plasma, and then frozen, was regarded as control. Spermatozoa were frozen at $25^{\circ}C/min$ of cooling rate in plastic straws that were suspended above liquid nitrogen and thawed in water at $38^{\circ}C$ for 1 min. Sperm survival was assayed by determining progressive motility and integrity of plasma and acrosome membranes. Progressive motility was determined by microscopic examination at $200{\times}$ magnification. Membrane integrity was assessed by use of a double fluorescent dye, and acrosome integrity by staining sperm with Pisum sativum agglutinin. The results of the first experiment showed that adding SP did not improve motility of spermatozoa compared to those incubated without SP regardless of temperature. The results of the second experiment showed that spermatozoa suspended in EYT+0.6M glycerol containing SP exhibited the higher progressive motility before being frozen(P<0.05). However, frozen-thawed spermatozoa that had suspended in EYT+0.6M glycerol containing SP showed the similar or lower viability(P<0.05). In summary, although seminal plasma did not affect spermatozoa that were chilled in EYT without cryoprotectant(CPA), addition of seminal plasma to EYT containing CPA did significantly improved progressive motility of canine spermatozoa that were chilled.