• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.133-141
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• 2012

Effects of temperature and salinity on the growth of the toxic dinoflagellate $Alexandrium$ $tamarense$ and $A.$ $catenella$ isolated from the southern coast of Korea were examined in the laboratory. Growth experiment was conducted under the following combinations of temperature and salinity; 10, 15, 20, 25 and $30^{\circ}C$, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 psu at a constant irradiance of 300 ${\mu}mol$ photons $m^{-2}s^{-1}$. Temperature and salinity conditions for maximum growth rate were indicated as follows: temperature $15^{\circ}C$ and salinity 30 psu (0.31 $d^{-1}$) in $A.$ $tamarense$, temperature $25^{\circ}C$ and salinity 30 psu (0.36 $d^{-1}$) in A. catenella. Temperature and salinity ranges for optimum growth condition of two species were $10{\sim}20^{\circ}C$, 25~35 psu and $120{\sim}30^{\circ}C$, 25~35 psu, respectively. The result of two-factor ANOVA indicated significant effects (P<0.001) of temperature and salinity on the growth rate, and two species were more effected by a temperature than a salinity on the growth. In addition, prediction equations were obtained through the multiple regressions of the specific growth rates as ${\mu}=0.04+0.0193T-0.0339S- 0.0005T^2+0.0021S^2+0.00073TS-0.000022T^3-0.000038S^3+0.00000086TS^2-0.0000255T^2S$ in $A.$ $tamarense$ and ${\mu}=1.01-0.1288T-0.0778S+0.0067T^2+0.0038S^2+0.00204TS-0.0001T^3-0.000059S^3-0.0000131TS^2-0.0000392T^2S$ in $A.$ $catenella$. Correlation coefficient between experimental values and simulated values was highly indicated. These results seem to provide information for understanding the spreading mechanism of $A.$ $tamarense$ and $A.$ $catenella$.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.44-54
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• 1992

The blenniid fish, Pictiblennius yatabei(Jordan et Snyder) is ditributed in the central and southern Japan and southern Korea. The fish grows to a maximum size of 9cm in total length, and it seems to be matured in two years. Sex dimorphisms of the fish appear in the crest and the anal fin. Five egg masses of the fish were collected in Tongyoung Bay near Kyeong Nam on June 16 and 20, 1991. The eggs were laid on inner surface of empty shells of the oyster, Crassotrea gigas and blue mussel, Mytilus edulis. Each egg mass was guarded by the male parent. Numbers of eggs in each of masses were as about 450~1000.The eggs were spherical but somewhat oval in shape and ranged from 0.72 to 0.80mm in longer axis and from 0.55 to 0.65mm in shorter axis. Each egg was provided with an adhesive pedestal. Hatching took place in 105 hours after formation of embyo at the water temperature varying from 20.0 to $21.4^{\circ}C$. Melanophores appearing on the yolk remarkably changed in form during the embryonic development.The newly hatched larvae, having 32~34 somites, were from 2.71 to 3.35mm in total length. The larvae absorbed the yolk material and oil globule completely in 7 days after hatching and became postlarvae. Nine days after hatching, the larvae averaged 5.35mm in TL and the caudal notochord flex at $45^{\circ}$ Total lengths of the larvae reached 6.00 and 6.58mm in 11 and 13 days after the hatching, respectively.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.273-288
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• 2011

Chon-Ashuu copper mining claim area is located, in terms of the geotectonic setting, in the northern part of the suture line which is bounded with the marginal part of Issik-kul micro-continent on the southern part of North Tien-Shan terrane. The geological blocks of Chon-Ashuu districts belong to the southern tip of Kazakhstan orocline. The rock formation of this area are composed of the continental crust or/and arc collage and the paleo-continental fragments-accretionary wedge complex of pre-Altaid orogenic materials. ASI(Alumina Saturation Index) of Paleozoic plutonic rocks in Chon-Ashuu area belong to the peraluminous and metaluminous rocks which were generated from fractional crystallization of Island and volcanic arc crusts in syn-post collisional plate. The geology of the ChonAshuu area consists of upper Proterozoic and Paleozoic rock formations. According to Harker variation diagrams for Chon-Ashuu arenaceous sedimentary rocks, the silty sandstone of Chon-Ashuu area showing the mineralogical immaturity were derived from Island arc or the marginal environments of active continent in Cambro-Carboniferous period. Numerous intrusive rocks of Chon-Ashuu area are distributed along north east trending tectonic structures and are bounded on four sides by the conjugate pattern. The most common type of the plutonic rocks are granodiorite and monzodiorite. According to the molecular normative An-Ab-Or composition (Barker, 1979), the plutonic rocks in Chon-Ashuu area are classified into tonalite - trondhjemite - granodiorite (TTG) series which are an aggregation of rocks which is the country rock of copper mineralization, that are formed by melting of hydrous mafic crust at high pressure.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.429-439
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• 2005

The propose of this study is to identify distributional characteristics of winter droughts through occurrence frequencies and to analyze synoptic characteristics on the sea level pressure fields and 500hPa levels in Korea. The regional distributions of winter droughts in occurrence frequency vary according to the monthly regional distributions of the variabilities of precipitation in Korea. In January and December, the eastern parts of Korea where the variabilities of precipitation show high, have high rate of drought frequencies, while the western parts have low rate of it. It means that the regional distribution of the drought frequencies in January and December shows the east-high and west-low pattern, In February the frequencies show the north-high and south-low pattern. In the distributions of the sea-level pressure and 500hPa level height anomalies, the positive anomalies appear around Korean Peninsula and Siberian high area, the negative anomalies on the Aleutian low area and the western parts of North Pacific Ocean during the drought period in January and February. The droughts appear when the inflow of warm and humid air from the south eastern parts blocked by the prevailing pressure patterns of the west-high and east-low. Therefore, the zonal wind of the Korean Peninsula is strong. The droughts of December reflect not only low frequencies of cyclone occurrence, also small inflow of warm and humid air from the southern parts stemming from positive anomalies over whole middle latitude of eastern parts of Asia including Korean Peninsula.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.168-179
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• 2014

The purpose of this study focuses on the prediction time and location of turning-point of typhoon tracks using the water vapor images of Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite (COMS) which has a very short observation interval. It targets a more accurate prediction of turning-point of typhoon tracks through the relationship between dry slot and northern/southern oscillations of jet stream. Jet stream moves by the position of jet streak and the ${\upsilon}$-component velocity of geostrophic wind. If the ${\upsilon}$-component of geostrophic wind gets stronger toward south, jet stream develops into a circular jet. In that condition, dry slot in satellite water vapor imagery extends toward south, and typhoon track turns as the distance of curved moisture band (CMB) gets narrowed down. If the interval of CMB is below $15^{\circ}$ of latitude, the typhoon track is turning toward north or northeast within 24 hours. As a result, typhoon track showed that when dry slot position was located less than $32^{\circ}N$, typhoon turned its track at $20-23^{\circ}N$ ($1^{th}$ Kong-Rey 2007 and $17^{th}$ Jelawt at 2012), and when in $35^{\circ}N$ above, it turned at $27^{\circ}N$ ($4^{th}$ Man-yi 2007).

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.293-302
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• 2015

This study investigated sediment oxygen consumption rates and geochemical characteristics of sediment in hypoxic area of the Gamak Bay based on the chamber experiments and geochemical analyses. The organic carbon contents of surface sediment in the Gamak Bay showed that the inner bay area has higher organic carbon content than those of the outer bay. They toward the outer bay, contents dropped off. The vertical profiles of calcium carbonate ($CaCO_3$) content at piston core sediment assumed that the hypoxia have been frequently occurred during past century in the northern inner bay. The benthic chamber experiments were conducted in February, May, August and November 2010, 2011 in the hypoxic area of the Gamak Bay. In the sediment incubation experiment with chamber at site C3 in the northern inner bay and site C17 in the southern outer bay, the sediment oxygen consumption rate ranged from $3.98mmol\;m^{-2}d^{-1}$ to $12.43mmol\;m^{-2}d^{-1}$ and $3.28mmol\;m^{-2}d^{-1}$ to $8.18mmol\;m^{-2}d^{-1}$, respectively. When the oxygen was completely depleted, the toxic hydrogen sulfide was released with $1.38mmol\;m^{-2}d^{-1}$ and $1.3mmol\;m^{-2}d^{-1}$, respectively.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.9
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• pp.773-780
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• 2015

3D8 single chain variable fragment (scFv) is a recombinant monoclonal antibody with nuclease activity that was originally isolated from autoimmune-prone MRL mice. In a previous study, we analyzed the nuclease activity of 3D8 scFv and determined that a HeLa cell line expressing 3D8 scFv conferred resistance to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and pseudorabies virus (PRV). In this study, we demonstrate that 3D8 scFv could be delivered to target tissues and cells where it exerted a therapeutic effect against PRV. PRV was inoculated via intramuscular injection, and 3D8 scFv was injected intraperitoneally. The observed therapeutic effect of 3D8 scFv against PRV was also supported by results from quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, southern hybridization, and immunohistochemical assays. Intraperitoneal injection of 5 and $10{\mu}g$ 3D8 scFv resulted in no detectable toxicity. The survival rate in C57BL/6 mice was 9% after intramuscular injection of 10 $LD_{50}$ PRV. In contrast, the 3D8 scFv-injected C57BL/6 mice showed survival rates of 57% ($5{\mu}g$) and 47% ($10{\mu}g$). The results indicate that 3D8 scFv could be utilized as an effective antiviral agent in several animal models.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.117-129
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• 2020

The body color pattern in fish is a distinctive feature for species identification. The blass bloched rockfish Sebastes pachycephalus is a commercially important marine fish species, distributed in the central and southern parts of Korea and south Hokkaido of Japan. It has a morphological feature divided into four subspecies according to with or lacking distinct spots on the body surface, and to the location of markings on the body surface. However, the genetic basis of body color pattern of S. pachycephalus is still unknown. Thus we analyzed the transcriptome of S. pachycephalus skin samples using RNA-seq analysis to investigate functional genes related to body color patterns. The experimental skin samples were prepared by classified into 'Wild type' (lacking distinct spots and markings) and 'Color type' (with distinct spots and marking). Two skin sample transcriptomes were compared pairwise and the results revealed that were 164 differentially expressed unigenes in the skin samples of 'Wild type' and 'Color type'. Gene Ontology analysis of 164 differentially expressed unigenes showed that these genes were included in the functional group of molecular function (2 genes), biological process (46 genes), and cellular component (6 genes). There were several genes that body color type skin specific expression and the genes were CTL (Galactose-specific lectin nattectin), CUL1 (Cullin-1), CMAS (N-acylneuraminate cytidylyltransferase), NMRK2 (Nicotinamide riboside kinase 2), ALOXE3 (Hydroperoxide isomerase ALOXE3), SLC4A7 (sodium bicarbonate cotransporter 3). Our study is the first attempt to search for functional genes involved in the formation of body color patterns in S. pachycephalus. The differentially expressed unigenes obtained in this study can be used as candidate genes for functional gene study related to body coloration of fish.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.345-354
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• 2009

The review of statements and coastal development characteristics in South Korea were diagnosed by the consultation on the coastal area utilization in Korea. The occupation and the use of public water were dominated by installation of coastal structure and seawater supply and drainage whereas the reclamation areas were predominantly utilized for developing industrial complex, harbor, fishing port and road. The occupation and the use were dominant in western coast, but reclamation was dominant in southern coast of Korea. The number of utilization cases was particularly greater in Jeonnam, Gyeongnam, and Gyeonggi Province including Incheon. The number of the statements reviews increased by more than 200 cases in 2008 compared with 2007, and most of them were the simple statements. The statements related to ocean disposal of dredged sediment, reclamation, dredging sediment, seawater supply and drainage, and marine sand mining were submitted for review. Coastal utilization was especially active in the regions of seawater quality criteria I and II. In particular, special management sea areas designated under the relevant marine regulations were utilized mostly by reclamation for developing harbor, fishing port and coastal structure. Development activities in national parks comprised primarily structure installation and coastal maintenance. In the fisheries resources protection areas, 40% of the total cases accounted for coastal maintenance, 31% for structure installation, and 16% for seawater supply and drainage. In addition, alternative plans for the improvement in policies and system of marine environmental impact assessment were suggested to enhance the function and confidence of the consultation on the coastal area utilization in Korea.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.771-780
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• 2014

Tetragonia tetragonides is a medicinal plant native to ocean sand soil of southern provinces and has significant effects on the prevention and curing of gastroenteric disorders. Despite of its popularity, supply of the plant has never met the level of demand because of the absence of an adequate culturing method. The present study, thereby, was conducted for classifying the plants with geographically different characteristics, studying growth habits, developing a new culturing method and establishing a large scale propagation system of selected superior individual plants. The study was also aimed for revealing optimum conditions for seed treatment, fertilization, and efficient culturing system and thereby, for utilizing the plant as a new income source for rural communities. The seed was elongated with size of 2.6 mm (width) ${\times}$ 1.8 mm (length). No difference in seed size was observed depending on different inhabitate. Each flower produced about 4.5~4.8 seeds. Germination rate was high for seeds matured for 40 days after fertilization, but deceased to 50% for seeds matured only for 20 or 30 days. Seed dormancy lasted 6 months and seed storage at humid $5^{\circ}C$ facilitated germination. Mechanical obstruct of seed germination was due to seed coat and removal of seed coat enhanced the germination rate. Optimum temp. for seed storage was $5^{\circ}C$, and high germination rate was maintained for 350 days. However, for stratification condition or at room temperature, germination was significantly reduced as storage time increased Optimum treatment of plant growth regulators was soaking in $GA_3$ 250 mg/L for 1 hr. The priming treatment with 50 mM $Ca(NO_3)_2$ at $20^{\circ}C$ for two days improved the seed germination with 10% compared to non-treated control. The treatment of 20% NaOCl for 3 hr. improved the seed germination rate up to 10% and 1 day ahead.