• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.47-54
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• 2015

Climate change has directly impacted environmentally dependent first industry. The changes of amount and frequency of precipitation have caused unstable drinking water supply for grassland and feed crop, and have changed the variety of grassland and feed crop. Rising temperature has caused heat stress on livestock, which has impacted feed intake and livestock products, and also has threatened to the health of livestock by widening the range of sources of diseases. In order for livestock industry to confront climate change, new technology development for climate change adaptation and measures of greenhouse gas mitigation are essential. Agroforestry is the one of alternative measures to mitigate greenhouse gases and to adapt to climate change. Agroforestry is the way rearing livestock and cultivating plants in forest, which is suitable to Korea where mountain area is over 68%. Feedstock such as maize, soybean, rice, and grass grown by agroforestry would decrease feed cost. Agroforestry will decrease heat stress of livestock during hot weather and will be possible to pasture, which increases livestock welfare.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.840-846
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• 2014

This study investigated growth and hematological changes in parrotfish Oplegnathus fasciatus (~200 g/fish) reared under different total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations (0, 4, or 8 mg/L) for 6 weeks. Survival rates of parrotfish in all experimental groups did not significantly differ, as they were all ~100%. Although specific growth rate (SGR), weight gain, and daily feed intake in the high TAN concentration group (TAN8) were significantly lower than in the other two groups, there was no significant difference between the TAN4 group and the control group, (TAN0), indicating that parrotfish have a strong resistance to ammonia toxicity. As for temporal changes of the major blood components, cortisol increased as a result of stress caused by the high ammonia concentration in the TAN8 group. For this reason, the concentrations of energy sources such as glucose and total cholesterol were reduced. However, there was little difference among all experimental groups in concentrations of liver function glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), and nutrient factors, such as total protein and albumin.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.324-332
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• 2001

Foods constitute a large portion of heavy metal exposure toward general population and attract a deep concern with respect to assuring human health. This study summarized published data in Korea on the content, and dietary intake of heavy metals and assessed their risk potential in comparison with foreign data. An analysis for the yearly fluctuation of metal contents including arsenic, cadmium, mercury and lead by flood group (marine fishes, coastal shellfishes, freshwater fishes, cereal grains) exhibited a decreasing trend from the 1970s to the 1990s. When compared with domestic standards of heavy metals, their mean contents were below the limit and their maximum values seldom exceeded the limit. The data on the dietary intake of heavy metals by Koreans showed a decreasing trend from the 1980s to the 1990s. The average intakes offs and Hg were 6∼8% and those of Cd and Pb were 50∼80% of PTWI(provisional tolerable weekly intake), all of which were below the tolerance. As the extreme intakes of these metals may exceed the PTWI, a careful assessment for them may be necessary. Dietary intakes of Cd, Hg and Pb by Koreans lie in the mid-level among countries cited in the GEMS/Food monitoring data. As fishery foods are suspecious of contamination with Hg, Cd and As, and floods in general are with Pb, it is necessary to establish legal limits for these metals and monitor any progress of their contamination. Furthermore, overall assessment of exposure to heavy metals from all sources including floods, air, drinking water and occupation should be made in order to confirm the dietary risk factors and to assure the safety of food resources.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.97-105
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• 1985

Fifteen 1-yr old roosters were employed in order to investigate the influence of various dietary fibers on the water and Na metabolism of chicken. Wheat bran, pure cellulose and ground rice straw replaced corn in the control diet at 10% level; Pectin replaced corn at 8% level. Three roosters were allotted per dietary treatment and one rooster per replicate. The limit of probability accepted as being significant was P$\leq$.05. The dry matter metabolizabilities of cellulose and rice straw diets were significantly lower, and those of control and pectin diets were significantly higher than that of the wheat bran diet. Pectin fed roosters seemed to drink more water than did the other birds. Also, excreta from roosters fed the pectin diet were significantly wetter than those from other treatments. However, no difference in water intake and fecal moisture were found when !he roosters were colostomized. It was also found that the colostomized birds drank more water than did intact ones. Data of water holding capacity and bulk density of dried excreta showed that cellulose, rice straw and wheat bran in decreasing order were strong in fibrous property. There were no significant differences in C$_{Na+}$ , Cosm and C$_{{H_2}O}$ among all treatments. When the values of urine volume, urine osmolality and C$_{{H_2}O}$ were put together, it can be concluded that 11 out of 15 roosters developed diuresis. More severe diuretic symptoms were developed in roosters when they were fed more fibrous diets. In conclusion, when the four dietary fibers were graded in terms of fibrous property, it turned out to be pectin, cellulose, rice straw and wheat bran in decreasing order.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.522-536
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• 2016

Fluorine is unique chemical element which occurs naturally, but is not an essential nutrient for plants. Fluoride toxicity can arise due to excessive fluoride intake from a variety of natural or manmade sources. Fluoride is phytotoxic to most plants. Plants which are sensitive for fluorine exposure even low concentrations of fluorine can cause leave damage and a decline in growth. All vegetation contains some fluoride absorbed from soil and water. The highest levels of F in field-grown vegetables are found up to $40mg\;kg^{-1}$ fresh weight although fluoride is relatively immobile and is not easily leached in soil because most of the fluoride was not readily soluble or exchangeable. Also, high concentrations of fluoride primarily associated with the soil colloid or clay fraction can increase fluoride levels in soil solution, increasing uptake via the plant root. In soils more than 90 percent of the natural fluoride ranging from 20 to $1,000{\mu}g\;g^{-1}$ is insoluble, or tightly bound to soil particles. The excess accumulation of fluorides in vegetation leads to visible leaf injury, damage to fruits, changes in the yield. The amount of fluoride taken up by plants depending on the type of plant, the nature of the soil, and the amount and form of fluoride in the soil should be controlled. Conclusively, fluoride is possible and long-term pollution effects on plant growth through accumulation of the fluoride retained in the soil.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.378-385
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of variety and growing conditions of wheat on broiler performance and nutrient digestibility. One hundred and sixty-four wheat samples, collected from a wide range of different sources, locations, varieties and years, were analyzed for a range of chemical and physical parameters. Chemical and physical parameters measured included specific weight, thousand grain weight (TG), in vitro viscosity, gross energy, N, NDF, starch, total and soluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), lysine, threonine, amylose, hardness, rate of starch digestion and protein profiles. Ninety-four of the wheat samples were selected for inclusion in four bird trials. Birds were housed in individual wire metabolizm cages from 7 to 28 d and offered water and feed ad libitum. Dry matter intake (DMI), live weight gain (LWG) and gain:feed were determined weekly. A balance collection was carried out from 14 to 21 d for determination of apparent metabolizable energy (AME), ME:gain, DM retention, oil and NDF digestibility. At 28 d the birds were sacrificed, the contents of the jejunum removed for determination of in vivo viscosity and the contents of the ileum removed for determination of ileal DM, starch and protein digestibility. The wheat samples used in the study had wide-ranging chemical and physical parameters, leading to bird DMI, LWG, gain:feed, ME:GE, AME content and ileal starch and protein digestibility being significantly (p<0.05) affected by wheat sample. A high level of N fertilizer application to the English and NI wheat samples tended to benefit bird performance, with increases of up to 3.4, 7.2 and 3.8% in DMI, LWG and gain:feed, respectively. Fungicide application also appeared to have a positive effect on bird performance, with fungicide treated (+F) wheat increasing bird DMI, LWG and gain:feed by 6.6, 9.3 and 2.7%, over the non-fungicide treated (-F) wheats. An increase (p<0.1) of 9.3% in gain:feed was also observed at the low seed rate of 40 compared to 640 seeds/$m^2$. It was concluded that the type of wheat sample and environmental growing conditions significantly affects bird performance when fed wheat-based diets.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.473-482
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• 1994

This study was to compare the bioavailability of calcium from anchovy and tofu to those of calcium from calcium carbonate(CaCO3)as the control diet and non-fat dry milk(NFDM). Rats weighing 50-60g were placed on experimental diets and deionized water at free access for 4 weeks. Diets contained 0.2% calcium from calcium-carbonate, NFDM, anchovy, tofu or 0.5% calcium as obtained were as follows : 1) No significant differences in the apparent absorption of calcium(62.5%-71.0%) were observed in the rats fed four different calcium sources at the level of 0.2% while 0.5% calcium diet group apparently absorbed calcium less efficiently(52.2%). 2) Bone length of tibia and femur was not significantly different among the groups, though 0.5% calcium of control group showed slightly longer length. 3) Tibia fat-free dry weights of 0.2% calcium of NFDM and anchovy diet groups were not significantly different from that of 0.5% calcium of control group. For femurs NFDM, anchovy and tofu groups were similar in their fat-free dry weight to that of 0.5% calcium group. 4) For calcium contents tibia contents tibia from anchovy treated group showed higher value than calcium-carbonate and tofu groups and the value was not significantly different from that of 0.5% calcium group. In femur NFDM, tofu and calcium-carbonate groups were not significantly different in their calcium content but 0.5% calcium group had higher level of calcium than 0.2% calcium groups. 5) The normalized values(NV) show that there was no significant differences in NV among 0.2% CaCO3 anchovy and tofu groups, while NV of NFDM group was significantly lower than that of calcium-carbonate group. NV of 0.5% calcium group was a little more than 50% of those in 0.2% calcium groups. Though the values obtained for the calcium bioavailability were somewhat variable among experimental products, it was demonstrated that anchovy and tofu are as good as NFDM for the dietary calcium provider when calcium intake is at marginal level.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.1321-1334
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• 2020

Beef, pork, chicken and milk are considered representative protein sources in the human diet. Since the digestion of protein is important, the role of intestinal microflora is also important. Despite this, the pure effects of meat and milk intake on the microbiome are yet to be fully elucidated. To evaluate the effect of beef, pork, chicken and milk on intestinal microflora, we observed changes in the microbiome in response to different types of dietary animal proteins in vitro. Feces were collected from five 6-week-old pigs. The suspensions were pooled and inoculated into four different media containing beef, pork, chicken, or skim milk powder in distilled water. Changes in microbial communities were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing. The feces alone had the highest microbial alpha diversity. Among the treatment groups, beef showed the highest microbial diversity, followed by pork, chicken, and milk. The three dominant phyla were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes in all the groups. The most abundant genera in beef, pork, and chicken were Rummeliibacillus, Clostridium, and Phascolarctobacterium, whereas milk was enriched with Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, and Enterococcus. Aerobic bacteria decreased while anaerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria increased in protein-rich nutrients. Functional gene groups were found to be over-represented in protein-rich nutrients. Our results provide baseline information for understanding the roles of dietary animal proteins in reshaping the gut microbiome. Furthermore, growth-promotion by specific species/genus may be used as a cultivation tool for uncultured gut microorganisms.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.1742-1752
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• 2013

A basal diet (0.8 g/kg dNa) was formulated in which each of the two sources ($NaHCO_3$ and $Na_2SO_4$) were supplemented in such a way to attain four levels (1.7, 2.6, 3.5, and 4.4 g/kg) of total dNa, respectively, under $4{\times}2$ factorial arrangement. Eight dietary treatments were replicated four times, with 40 birds in each replicate (n = 1,280). The diets supplemented with $Na_2SO_4$ to attain higher levels of dNa showed highest BW gain and feed intake (FI) during d 1 to 10 (interaction effects) while 2.6 g/kg dNa exhibited improved BW gain and gain:feed (FG) during d 11 to 20. Linear rise in daily water intake (DWI) was associated with diets containing increasing dNa during d 1 to 42 ($p{\leq}0.036$). During the first 10 d, DWI:FI was found highest in $NaHCO_3$ diets while $Na_2SO_4$ diets showed highest DWI:FI during last 10 d of the experiment ($p{\leq}0.036$). Increasing dNa and changing $Na_2SO_4$ with $NaHCO_3$ salt increased pH and resulted in poor growth performance. Dressing weight ($p{\leq}0.001$) and abdominal fat ($p{\leq}0.001$; quadratic effect) were reduced, whereas breast ($p{\leq}0.001$) and thigh (p<0.001) weights were aggravated with increasing dNa (linear effects). Present findings suggested higher levels of dNa from $Na_2SO_4$ as the supplemental salt in broiler diets would produce better growth performance, especially in first ten days of life, and improve carcass and body organ characteristics.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.148-148
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• 2003

This study is to investigate the environmental levels and trend of dioxins, which was the 3$\^$rd/ year of environmental monitoring research for endocrine disrupting chemicals since 1999. Total 282 samples were analyzed from 115 sites including 26 sites of airs, 43 sites of waters, 11 sites of sediments and 35 sites of soil, which were the same as those of investigated sites in 2000. Sampling period was from June 2001 to June 2002. Target chemicals were seventeen species of 2,3,7,8-chlorine-substituted PCDD and PCDF congeners and were analyzed by the standard methods, established by National Institute Environmental Research (NIER). The average concentration of dioxins in air decreased from 0.324 pg-TEQ/N㎥ in 2000 to 0.287 pg-TEQ/N㎥ in 2001, and those in water and soil were 0.073pg-TEQ/L and 1.703pg-TEQ/dry g, respectively, which was the less values detected in 2000. In sediment, however, the value was 0.086pg-TEQ/dry g, which was the increase from the value of the year 2000. The concentration range of dioxins in air for 26 sites in 17 regions detected were 0.013∼l.664pg-TEQ/N㎥, 4 sites from those were exceeded the Air Quality Standards of Dioxin in Japan (0.6 pg-TEQ/N㎥). The tolerable daily intake of dioxins was calculated at the highest level (1.664) in air, with referring the soil and food data from Japan, was calculated to be 2.85pg-TEQ/kg/day, which was below the level of 4 pg-TEQ/kg/day suggested in KFDA(Korea). While the average concentration of dioxins in 15 big cities was 0.190 pg-TEQ/N㎥, that in 8 medium/small cities constituting an industrial complex was 0.558 pg-TEQ/N㎥. In water, the concentration range detected were 0∼0.946pg-TEQ/L and the trend of the average concentrations shows an increase from those of 1999 but decreased from those of 2000, any sites however were not exceeded the Water Quality Standards of Dioxin in Japan (1 pg- TEQ/L). In soil. the detected range were 0∼43.333 pg-TEQ/dry g and the average concentration decreased, compared with the results of 2000. According to the monitoring results by land utilization, the detected range were 0∼43.333pg-TEQ/dry g in farmland, 0.017∼0.601 pg-TEQ/dry g in the industrial area, 0.005∼0.049pg-TEQ/dry g in the park and 0.008∼1.825 pg-TEQ/dry g in the rest. In sediment, the detected range increased from 0∼0.244 pg-TEQ/dry g to 0∼0.537 pg-TEQ/dry g, based on the results of 2000. For the proper control of dioxins, continuous monitoring needs to be performed and in addition, the dioxin inventory should be prepared for major sources through the dioxin emission survey. These results would provide sound and solid basis for proper decision making of dioxins management like establishment of environmental quality standards in Korea.