• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.43-49
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• 1999

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to systematically analyze and compare e acoustic sound structure of vocal major student's singing voice. Materials and Methods : The nineteen vocal major students were the subject group and healthy nineteen females were the control group for this study. The subject group was taken a strobovideolaryngoscopy by the use of flexible nasopharyngoscopy. And acoustic analysis was taken between two groups. Additionally the inquiry on usual voice problems and management was performed by thirty-six vocal major students. Results : The subject group presents many functional voice disorder findings such as AP contraction(44%), phase difference(36%) tremor(25%), posterior gap(17%), hyperadduction of vestibular fold(6%), and anterior gap(3%) on strobovideolaryngoscopy. And the vocal major students did reveal an enhanced number of high frequency harmonic partials when singing compared to the control group in the narrow band spectrum study. But there was no significant difference in jitter, shimmer and noise to harmonic ratio in both groups. Almost all vocal major students present a lot of voice problems in singing such as loss of high note(17%), loss of quiet voice(17%), effortful and tired voice(36%) etc on inquiry. And they always effort to prevent vocal dysfunction by the use of various type of method such as voice rest(28%), hydration(28%), gargling with salt(11%) etc. Conclusions : The vocal major students always take care of maintaining a good voice condition, but a lot of vocal major students revealed abnormal strobovideolaryngoscopic findings and they are absent in the conception of systemic and scientific voice management. Therefore, the young singers need a good voice training and voice therapy Program under the good ralationship of laryngologist and voice training teacher.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.45-50
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• 2005

In this study, the casting/forging process was applied in manufacturing a low control arm, in order to prove that application of casting/forging process to Al6061 is likely to get the effect of light weight compared with existing steel products and to reduce the cost of materials. Firstly, In order to set up the optimum casting condition of the forging material, Al6061, casting experiments were carried out by controlling pouring temperature of the aluminum for casting, mold temperature, and pouring time. $700^{\circ}C$ pouring temperature, $300^{\circ}C$ mold temperature and 10-second pouring time were taken into account as the optimum casting conditions. With respect to a hot forging test, it is practiced on the basis of a temperature of materials, strain rate, and reduction rate so as to observe each microstructure and examine strain-stress curve simultaneously; examine tensile test and hardness test; eventually set up the optimum hot forging condition. A hot forging test, tensile test, hardness experiment, and microstructure observation were carried out on condition of $70\%$ reduction rate, $500^{\circ}C$ temperature of materials, and 1 strain rate. As a result of those experiments, 330MPa tensile strength, $16.4\%$ elongation, and 122.8Hv hardness were recorded. In oder to get a sound preform which has no unfitting cavity and less flash, two preforms were proposed on the basis of volume rate of the final product; the optimum volume rate of preform for the low control arm was $115\%$. In conclusion, it is confirmed that using the forging material rather than casting materials in casting/forging process is likely to get more superior mechanical properties. Compared with Al6061, performed by means of general forging, moreover, cast/forged Al6061 can not only stimulate productivity by reducing production processes, but cut down the cost of materials by reusing forging scraps.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 2004년도 제5회 압연심포지엄 신 시장 개척을 위한 압연기술
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• pp.175-183
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• 2004

In hot strip rolling, a capability for precisely predicting roll force is crucial for sound process control. In the past, on-line prediction models have been developed mostly on the basis of Orowan's theory and its variation. However, the range of process conditions in which desired prediction accuracy could be achieved was rather limited, mainly due to many simplifying assumptions inherent to Orowan's theory. As far as the prediction accuracy is concerned, a rigorously formulated finite element(FE) process model is perhaps the best choice. However, a FE process model in general requires a large CPU time, rendering itself inadequate for on-line purpose. In this report, we present a FE-based on-line prediction model applicable to precision process control in a finishing mill(FM). Described was an integrated FE process model capable of revealing the detailed aspects of the thermo-mechanical behavior of the roll-strip system. Using the FE process model, a series of process simulation was conducted to investigate the effect of diverse process variables on some selected non-dimensional parameters characterizing the thermo-mechanical behavior of the strip. Then, it was shown that an on-line model for the prediction of roll force could be derived on the basis of these parameters. The prediction accuracy of the proposed model was examined through comparison with measurements from the hot strip mill.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.493-497
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• 2005

본 논문은 무선의 임베디드 시스템 환경에서, VoIP 시스템을 구성하는 프로토콜 요소 중의 하나인 SIP를 이용한 User Agent의 구현에 관한 연구이다. User Agent는 설정 블록과, 주변 장치를 제어하기 위한 디바이스 쓰래드 블록, SIP 메시지를 처리하기 위한 SIP 스택 블록으로 구성하였다. 디바이스 쓰래드는 RTP 쓰래드 블록과 사운드 카드 처리 블록으로 구성하였으며, SIP 스택은 프락시 이벤트를 처리하는 워커 쓰래드 블록과 SIP 메시지를 전송하여 처리하는 SIP 트랜시버 및 SIP 쓰래드 블록으로 구성하였다. 하드웨어 플랫폼은 Intel XScale PXA25S 프로세서 기반에 플래쉬 메모리, SDRAM, AC'97 오디오 코덱, 무선 랜카드와 연결된 PCMCIA 소켓이 내장된 보드를 구성하였으며, 오디오 입출력으로 마이크로폰과 헤드폰을 사용하였다. 본 연구의 실험을 위한 타겟 시스템 구성은 임베디드 리눅스 커널 2.4.19를 포팅하였다. 임베디드 시스템의 자원 효율을 높이고자, User Agent의 속성과 SIP 메소드의 기능을 최소화하였고, TCP를 배제하여, 주변 장치 제어를 최소화함으로써, 자원의 소비를 $12.9\%$ 절감할 수 있었다.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양정보통신학회 2008년도 추계종합학술대회 B
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• pp.455-458
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• 2008

이전의 정보화는 글이나 혹은 음성에 의존했다면, 현대사회의 정보전송은 다양한 영상 매체를 이용하여 전송하고 있다. 휴대폰과 TV, 컴퓨터는 대표적인 영상신호를 이용하는 매개체로서 현대사회를 이루는 큰 축이라고 할 수 있다. 이러한 이유로 중요성이 부각되어지는 영상 신호의 개발은 크게 압축 및 인식 그리고 복원 등 많은 부분에서 연구가 되어지고 있다. 노이즈는 이러한 신호를 이용함에 따라 필연적으로 발생되며, 발생되는 노이즈로서는 임펄스 노이즈(Impulse Noise)와 AWGN(Additive White Gaussian Noise)가 대표적이다. 이러한 노이즈를 줄이기 위하여 다양한 필터가 개발되고 있으며, 각기 그 잡음의 성향에 따라 다른 필터가 사용되어진다. 그러나 잡음은 신호에서 독립적으로 발생되어지는 것이 아니라 중첩되어 발생되어진다. 본 논문은 이러한 중첩된 잡음을 제거하고자 영상필터를 제안하였으며, 이를 기존의 다른 필터와 비교하였다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.35-46
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• 2015

Purpose: To present a flexible and accurate autonomous solution for creating any desired row spacing value between the hydroponic gullies in multilayer growing units, and evaluate the capabilities and performance of the relevant automated system through the use of virtual prototyping technique. Methods: To build the virtual prototype of the system, CAD models of its different parts, including an autonomous vehicle and the mechanical mechanisms embedded in the multilayer growing unit, were developed and imported into the RecurDyn simulation software. In order to implement the automated row spacing operation, three spacing modes with different loading cycles and working steps were defined, and the operation of the system was simulated to obtain the target row spacing values specified for each of these modes. Results: Motion profiles related to the horizontal displacement of: 1) the lower and upper sliding bars installed in the cultivation layers, and 2) the hydroponic gullies, during the simulation of the system operation, were generated and analyzed. No deviation from the specified target spacing values was observed at the end of simulations for all spacing modes. Conclusions: The results of the motion analysis obtained by simulating the system operation confirm the effectiveness of the control scheme proposed for automated row spacing of gullies. It was also found that proper sequencing of the loading cycles and the precision of the working strokes of the upper bars are the critical factors for establishing a certain row spacing value. Based on the simulation results, precise control of the back and forth motions of the upper bars is highly necessary for sound operation of the real system.

• 방송공학회논문지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.8-15
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• 1997

본 논문에서는 하나의 TMS320C31 Digital Signal Processor (DSP)를 사용하여 실시간으로 동작하는 Motion Picture Experts Group-1 (MPEG-1) 오디오 인코더 시스템을 구현하였다. 우선 MPEG-1 Audio Layer-2 및 심리음향모델-1 관련 기본 알고리듬을 C-언어로 구현하여 기본 동작을 확인하였다. 그리고 전체실행 시간을 줄이기 위하여, 이를 다시 Texas Instruments (Tl) 어셈블리어로 작성하였다. 마지막으로, MPEG-1 오디오 인코더 시스템을 위한 실제 DSP 하드웨어 회로 보드를 설계, 제작하였다. Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) 제어, 입출력 제어, 그리고 DSP 보드에서 PC로의 비트열 전송과 같은 주변 모듈들은 Very High Speed Hardware Description Language (VHDL)을 사용하여 Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)로 구현하였다. 제작된 시스템은 48 KHz로 샘플링 되는 스테레오 오디오 신호를 실시간으로 처리하여 192 kbps 비트율로 부호화된 비트열을 출력시킨다. 다양한 형태의 스테레오 오디오 신호를 통해, 제작된 오디오 인코더 시스템의 실시간 동작과 양질의 오디오 신호가 복원됨을 확인하였다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2009

Purpose: Cervical pain is caused mainly by a static position, lasting work, bad habits and stress, and is accompanied by pain in the upper trapezius. Traditionally, heat and traction, exercise, mobilization, manipulation have been used to treat cervical pain. This study examined the effect of stretching and manipulation (high-velocity low-amplitude: HVLA) on the pain and ROM in women with chronic cervical and upper shoulder pain. Methods: Fifty-two women diagnosed with chronic cervical and upper shoulder pain were enrolled in this study. Among them, 26 patients (experiment group) were managed by passive stretching and manipulation, and another 26 patients (control group) were treated with physical therapy intervention (hat pack: HP, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: TENS, ultra sound: US). Each group made use of a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the highly reliable (flextion: 0.92, extention: 0.99) cervical range of motion (CROM) to compare the possible changes in pain and ROM in the two groups after treatment. Results: In the experimental group, the pain decreased and the ROM has increased in all directions. In the control group, the pain decreased but the ROM was not changed in all directions. Conclusion: According to the results, passive stretching and manipulation is effective for increasing the ROM and decreasing the level of pain. Moreover, physical therapy intervention (HP, TENS, US) is effective for immediately decreasing the pain but has little effect on the ROM.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2011년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.808-813
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• 2011

There are hundreds of thousands call center workers wearing acoustic device. However, researches and noise exposure measurements on the noise transmitted from acoustic devices have seldom been performed due to the difficulty of measurement and to the absence of the measuring method in Korea. The aim of this study is to set up management measures to protect hearing loss on the call operator by acquiring measurement data of noise transmitted from the headset Noise exposure measurements of 17 operators were performed in 7 call centers and Head and Torso Simulator method in compliance with the ISO Standard 11904-2 was used for the measurement of noise transmitted from the headset Sound pressure levels(SPL) transmitted from the headset were 73.2~86 dB(A). The operator exposed to the highest SPL set up his volume control at 9 which was the highest volume level. The volume control level, adjustable from 1 to 9, could be identified 12 out of 17 operators and the range of volume levels was 4.5~9. As a result of Pearson Correlation Analysis, the correlation between volume level and SPL transmitted from the headset showed high relation as significance at the 0.672 level(p<0.05). To protect hearing loss of call center operators, it is more practical and effective measure to limit the volume level below the noise exposure level, i.e. 85 dB(A), rather than to carry out noise monitoring considering cost-effective aspect.

• 한국소음진동공학회논문집
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.1356-1363
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• 2009

The aim of this research is to construct eigenfrequency optimization codes for plates with Arbitrary Rank Microstructures. From among noise factors, resonance sound is main reason for floor's solid noise. But, Resonance-elusion design codes are not fixed so far. Besides, The prediction of composite material's capability and an resonance elusion by controlling natural frequency of plate depend on designer's experiences. In this paper, First, using computer program with arbitrary rank microstructure, variation on composite material properties is studied, and then natural frequency control is performed by plate topology optimization method. The results of this study are as followed. 1) Programs that calculate material properties along it's microstructure composition and control natural frequency on composite material plate are coded by Homogenization and Topology Optimization method. and it is examined by example problem. 2) Equivalent material properties, calculated by program, are examined for natural frequency. In this paper, Suggested programs are coded using $Matlab^{TM}$, Feapmax and Feap Library with Homogenization and Topology Optimization method. and Adequacy of them is reviewed by performing the maximization or minimization of natural frequency for plates with isotropic or anisotropic materials. Since the programs has been designed for widely use. If the mechanism between composite material and other structural member is identified, extension application may be possible in field of structure maintenance, reinforcement etc. through application of composite material.