• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권7호
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• pp.1007-1014
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• 2019

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the fermentation characteristics under low mesophilic temperature of spent instant coffee ground (SICG) and to estimate the effect of fermented SICG (FSICG) as alternative feed ingredient on milk productivity of dairy cows. Methods: In the fermentation trial, fermentation of SICG was performed to investigate changes in characteristics using the microbial mixture (Lactobacillus plantarum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Bacillus subtilis = 1:1:1) for 21 days at $20^{\circ}C$ under anaerobic conditions. Molasses was added at 5% of dry mass. In the animal trial, eighteen Holstein Friesian cows were used to evaluate the nutritive value of the FSICG which was fermented for 14 days under the same condition as the fermentation trial. Results: In the fermentation trial, the dry matter (DM) and organic matter content linearly decreased with fermentation time (p<0.001 and p = 0.008, respectively). The acid detergent insoluble nitrogen content linearly decreased with fermentation time (p = 0.037). The microorganism counts linearly increased for Lactobacillus plantarum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Bacillus subtilis across fermentation time (p<0.001). In the animal trial, the DM intake of the control and FSICG treatment were not significantly different, as were milk yield, 4% fat corrected milk, fat-protein corrected milk, and feed to milk conversion content. Fat, protein, lactose, non-fat solids, milk urea nitrogen, and somatic cell counts were also not significantly different in milk composition between treatments. Conclusion: FSICG should be considered a sufficient substitute for cottonseed as a feed component, and 5% DM of a dietary FSICG level was appropriate for dairy cow diets.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.55-67
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• 2012

본 연구는 한외여과를 이용하여 제조한 모짜렐라 치즈와 전통적인 방법에 의해서 제조한 치즈의 일반성분을 비교 분석 평가하여 경제적으로 개선된 모짜렐라 치즈를 제조하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 한외여과에 의해서 농축액의 지방, 단백질, 무지고형분(SNF) 함량이 원료유보다 높았으며, 한외여과의 농축계수만큼 증가하였지만(p<0.05), 유당에서는 유의 차가 없었다. 세균수에는 원료유와 농축액 모두 영향을 받지 않았다. 유청성분 중 단백질, 유당, 무지고형분은 처리구가 대조구보다 높았으며(p<0.05), 스타터 균주와 렌넷 첨가량에 따라서 유의차를 나타났지만, 세균수에 의해서 유청성분은 영향을 받지 않았다. 모짜렐라 치즈의 일반성분 분석 중 총 고형분은 지방 함량이 낮을수록 총 고형분 함량은 낮게 나타났다. 저장 기간 동안 총 고형분은 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 회분은 대조구와 처리구 및 저장기간과는 유의차가 없었다. 세균수와 유지방 함량 사이에서는 어떠한 유의차도 나타나지 않았고, 스타터와 렌넷의 첨가량도 회분에는 영향을 주지 않았다. 저장 기간 동안 거의 일정한 값을 보였다. 세균수와 지방 함량 의해 지방에 영향을 주었으며 (p<0.05), 스타터와 렌넷의 첨가량에 따라서 대조구와 처리구, CF 2, CF 3 그리고 첨가량이 50%, 65% 그리고 80%일때도 각각 유의차를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 저장 기간 동안 지방은 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 유당은 스타터와 렌넷의 첨가량에 따라 유의차가 있었고, 저장 기간 동안 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 단백질은 스타터와 렌넷의 첨가량에 따라 CF 2와 CF 3 사이에서만 유의차가 있었고(p<0.05), 저장 기간동안 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 수용성 질소화합물도 유지방 함량에 상관없이 세균수, 스타터와 렌넷의 첨가량에 따라 영향을 받으며(p<0.05), 저장 기간 동안 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 비단백태 질소화합물은 저장기간에 영향을 받으며, 저장기간 동안 증가하였다. 식염(NaCl)은 저장 기간 동안 증가하며, 스타터와 렌넷의 첨가량에 영향을 받았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권7호
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• pp.1022-1028
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• 2016

Milk composition is an imperative aspect which influences the quality of dairy products. The objective of study was to compare the chemical composition, nitrogen fractions and amino acids profile of milk from buffalo, cow, sheep, goat, and camel. Sheep milk was found to be highest in fat ($6.82%{\pm}0.04%$), solid-not-fat ($11.24%{\pm}0.02%$), total solids ($18.05%{\pm}0.05%$), protein ($5.15%{\pm}0.06%$) and casein ($3.87%{\pm}0.04%$) contents followed by buffalo milk. Maximum whey proteins were observed in camel milk ($0.80%{\pm}0.03%$), buffalo ($0.68%{\pm}0.02%$) and sheep ($0.66%{\pm}0.02%$) milk. The non-protein-nitrogen contents varied from 0.33% to 0.62% among different milk species. The highest r-values were recorded for correlations between crude protein and casein in buffalo (r = 0.82), cow (r = 0.88), sheep (r = 0.86) and goat milk (r = 0.98). The caseins and whey proteins were also positively correlated with true proteins in all milk species. A favorable balance of branched-chain amino acids; leucine, isoleucine, and valine were found both in casein and whey proteins. Leucine content was highest in cow ($108{\pm}2.3mg/g$), camel ($96{\pm}2.2mg/g$) and buffalo ($90{\pm}2.4mg/g$) milk caseins. Maximum concentrations of isoleucine, phenylalanine, and histidine were noticed in goat milk caseins. Glutamic acid and proline were dominant among non-essential amino acids. Conclusively, current exploration is important for milk processors to design nutritious and consistent quality end products.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.61-65
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• 1987

k-casein은 유단백질 분획으로 GMP를 포함하고있으떠 GMP는 sialic acid를 포함하고 있으므로 k-casein index로 sialic acid 가 사용될 수 있다. 탈지분유 분리 단백질 용해도는 칼슘카페인 보다 일반적으로 낮으므로 용매처리시 야기되는 k-casein의 손실과 저용해도와의 관계를 규명하고자 하였다. 특히 용매처리시 주요 stabilizing fraction k-casein의 손실 혹은 손상을 고려해야만 한다. 용매처리시 sialic acid 는 제1차 추출용매에 16.5%, 제2차 추출용매에 4.0%손실되어 전체 20.5%가 용매처리시 손실되었다. 또 사용한 메탄올의 농도가 증가할수록 sialic acid손실이 감소하여 sialic acid 손실은 메탄을분획보다 물분획에따라 좌우된 것 같다. 따라서 sialic acid를 함유한 분말 extracted solid의 feed back 실험 결과 10%첨 가시최대 용해도를 나타냈으며 유당은 용해도 변화에 기여하지 못하였다 결론적으로 탈지분유 단백의 저용해도 헌상은 용매처리시 k-casein의 가용성 물질 손실에도 일부 기인한 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.13.1-13.5
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• 2014

The production performance of multiparous lactating Sahiwal cows (n = 24) was evaluated according to both milking frequency and method. Selected animals were randomly divided into four groups containing six animals each under a completely randomized design. Cows in groups A & B were milked by the hand milking method three times per day, respectively. Similarly, cows in groups C & D were milked by the machine milking method two and three times per day, respectively. All animals were maintained under uniform feeding and management conditions. Dry matter intake was high in animal groups milked three times per day, and it remained unchanged between the hand and machine milking methods. Milk yield was higher (P < 0.05) in cows milked three times compared to those milked twice per day, and it did not differ between hand and machine milking methods. Milk fat percentage was higher (P < 0.05) in cows milked twice per day compared to those milked three times using both machine and hand milking methods. The percentage of total solids showed a similar pattern as the fat percentage. However, percentages of protein, lactose, and non-fat solids in milk were not significantly different (P > 0.05) among the treatment groups. Collectively, the results show that milking three times per day instead of twice at 8-hour intervals can enhance milk yield in Sahiwal cows using both hand and machine milking methods.

• 농업생명과학연구
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.189-194
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• 2012

농산물의 안전성 확보와 품질평가를 위해서 신속하고 경제적인 비파괴 검사법에 대한 연구 및 기술개발이 활발하게 이루어지고 있다. 그러나 분광된 빛을 이용하여 내부 품질평가 과정에서 발생할 수 있는 분석 대상체의 성분 변화에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 분광분석을 이용하여 원유의 성분분석 과정에서 분광된 빛이 원유의 성분 및 체세포에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 수행 되었다. 본 연구에 사용된 원유는 일본 시가현 소재 낙농가에서 채취된 것으로 유지방, 유단백질, 유당, 무지고형분, 총고형분, 유요소, 구연산 및 체세포수를 화학적 방법에 의해 측정하였다. 또한 인위적으로 분광된 빛은 5가지 영역대로 구분하여 원유에 각각 1분, 5분, 10분간 주사하였다. 연구결과, 400 nm이하 파장대인 자외선 영역에서 유지방이 2.6% 증가되는 경향이 있었고, 체세포수도 9.0% 증가된 것으로 분석되었다. 그러나 다른 원유 성분에는 변화가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 자외선 영역의 빛을 원유 품질 평가에 적용하기 위해서는 보다 다양한 원유 시료에 대한 추가 검증이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.467-472
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• 2004

Eight primiparous Holstein cows, in late lactation (255$\pm$10 days in milk) and yielding 10.3$\pm$1.3 kg/d of 4% fat corrected milk (FCM) were allocated into two groups randomly. Two diets containing 30% wheat straw either untreated (UWS) or treated with Pleurotus ostreatus (FTWS) were offered as total mixed ration (TMR). In vivo digestibility of the diets was determined, using acid insoluble ash as a marker. Daily milk production was recorded and milk samples were collected and analysed. Diet FTWS resulted in significantly (p<0.05) higher dry matter intake (DMI) (12.2$\pm$0.86 vs. 10.6$\pm$1.3), DM digestibility (58.8 vs. 52.3) and milk yield (9 vs. 7.5 kg). Milk fat contents were 34.2 and 35.6 g/liter that did not differ between cows fed treated or untreated straw. However, the concentrations of lactose, solid non fat, total solids and milk protein for diets UWS and FTWS were 57.3 and 54.9, 98.9 and 93.2, 134.5 and 127.4, 35.7 and 32.3 g/l, respectively, which differed significantly (p<0.05). The average body weights gain (BWG) for UWS and FTWS were 272 and 743 g/d, respectively (p<0.05). The FCM yield per kg of DMI was similar (0.68 and 0.67 liter) for the two groups, but BWG/kgDMI was higher in the FTWS diet.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.97-104
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• 2014

This study was conducted to examine the effect of different types of milking instrument and season on milk composition (fat, protein, non-fat milk solids, milk urea nitrogen and somatic cell count) on Holstein-Friesian lactating cows. Raw milk samples were collected from 20 automatic milking system (AMS) installed dairy farms and 85 conventional milking system (CMS) installed dairy farms. Milk fat, protein, NFMS and MUN contents did not changed between AMS and CMS and different seasons. On the other hand, the average SCC in AMS was $239{\times}10^3cells/mL$ which was lower than in CMS ($373{\times}10^3cells/mL$, (p<0.05). In conclusion, present results indicated that SCC in milk might be influenced by AMS. However, this area needed more study to confirm the reason of reducing SCC content from AMS.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.123-129
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• 2013

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of nitrogen supplementation through urea-molasses multinutrient block (UMMB) on the performance of dairy cows fed good quality forage based diets with rice straw as a night feeding. A total of 10 multiparous crossbred dairy cows in their early lactation were grouped into two categories based on their breed, parity, body weight, milk yield, milk fat and protein contents and daily fed a chopped CO-3 grass (Pennisetum purpureum ${\times}$ Pennisetum americanum; hybrid Napier) ad-libitum, 1 kg of dairy cow concentrate feed during the day time and 5 kg of rice straw (dry matter basis) at night as the basal diet (control) for 5 wk. In addition to the basal diet, the treatment group received 300 g of crushed UMMB daily throughout the experimental period. Cows were milked twice daily and the milk yields were recorded. Milk and feed samples were collected weekly for chemical analysis. Supplementation of UMMB had no significant effects (p>0.05) on straw intake, daily milk yield, contents and yields of milk constituents such as milk fat, protein, lactose and solids-non-fat. In addition, milk urea nitrogen content were not affected (p>0.05) by UMMB supplementation. However, numerical increments in all the parameters measured were observed during the study in cows fed diets supplemented with UMMB. It can be concluded that nitrogen supplied through UMMB had no effects on production performances of dairy cows in this study.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.517-524
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• 2011

The effect on sow milk of variable levels of cassava in lactating sow diets was analyzed in an attempt to explain the beneficial effects reported by producers of including cassava as a basal feed. Twenty crossbred lactating sows were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments. The treatments were: i) broken rice (BR) as the basal feed (BR100), ii) 50% of BR replaced with cassava chip meal (CCM) (CM50), iii) 75% of BR replaced with CCM (CM75), iv) CCM as the basal feed (CM100), and v) dried boiled cassava chips (CCB) as the basal feed (CB100). The hydrocyanide (HCN) content of CCB was reduced to be intermediate between HCN in the no cassava (BR100) and the 50% cassava (CB50) diets. Hydrocyanide was 0.54, 3.24, 4.41, 5.43 and 1.77 ppm in the BR100, CM50, CM75, CM100 and CB100 diets, respectively. Increasing cassava did not affect feed intake (p>0.05), but increased HCN intake (p<0.01). Milk composition was analyzed for protein, fat, lactose, solids not fat (SNF) and total solids (TS). Milk quality was analyzed for total microbes, coliform bacteria, thiocyanate ($SCN^-$), lactoperoxidase (LPO), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. At farrowing, sow milk composition was not affected by experimental diets (p>0.05), but milk $SCN^-$ increased as the intake of HCN increased in sows diets (p<0.01), $r^2$ = 0.96. At mid-lactation (day 14), milk composition was not affected (p>0.05). The milk quality levels of $SCN^-$ were 9.4, 10.3, 10.5, 11.6 and 9.1 ppm for the BR100, CM50, CM75, CM100 and CB100 diets, respectively (p = 0.01). The LPO contents were 16.41, 42.13, 51.42, 53.94 and 22.81 unit/L, respectively (p = 0.03). There was no GPx activity found in sow milk. When BR was replaced with cassava meal, total microbes and coliforms were reduced 78% and 87%, respectively, by the influences of HCN. The reported beneficial effects of cassava chip meal as a basal feed in lactating sow diets is manifested by improved performance of suckling pigs. This is due to beneficial, non-toxic levels of HCN in the diets. Besides passing HCN to suckling pigs in the form of $SCN^-$, sow milk may also benefit suckling pigs with the observed (day 14) increase in lactoperoxidase content and reduction in coliform bacteria.