Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences

Asian Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies (아세아태평양축산학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Cassava in Lactating Sow Diets: I. Effects on Milk Composition and Quality

  • Jupamatta, A. (Agricultural Research and Development Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus) ;
  • Kanto, U. (Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus) ;
  • Tirawattanawanich, C. (Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University)
  • Received : 2010.06.11
  • Accepted : 2010.09.02
  • Published : 2011.04.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The effect on sow milk of variable levels of cassava in lactating sow diets was analyzed in an attempt to explain the beneficial effects reported by producers of including cassava as a basal feed. Twenty crossbred lactating sows were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments. The treatments were: i) broken rice (BR) as the basal feed (BR100), ii) 50% of BR replaced with cassava chip meal (CCM) (CM50), iii) 75% of BR replaced with CCM (CM75), iv) CCM as the basal feed (CM100), and v) dried boiled cassava chips (CCB) as the basal feed (CB100). The hydrocyanide (HCN) content of CCB was reduced to be intermediate between HCN in the no cassava (BR100) and the 50% cassava (CB50) diets. Hydrocyanide was 0.54, 3.24, 4.41, 5.43 and 1.77 ppm in the BR100, CM50, CM75, CM100 and CB100 diets, respectively. Increasing cassava did not affect feed intake (p>0.05), but increased HCN intake (p<0.01). Milk composition was analyzed for protein, fat, lactose, solids not fat (SNF) and total solids (TS). Milk quality was analyzed for total microbes, coliform bacteria, thiocyanate ($SCN^-$), lactoperoxidase (LPO), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. At farrowing, sow milk composition was not affected by experimental diets (p>0.05), but milk $SCN^-$ increased as the intake of HCN increased in sows diets (p<0.01), $r^2$ = 0.96. At mid-lactation (day 14), milk composition was not affected (p>0.05). The milk quality levels of $SCN^-$ were 9.4, 10.3, 10.5, 11.6 and 9.1 ppm for the BR100, CM50, CM75, CM100 and CB100 diets, respectively (p = 0.01). The LPO contents were 16.41, 42.13, 51.42, 53.94 and 22.81 unit/L, respectively (p = 0.03). There was no GPx activity found in sow milk. When BR was replaced with cassava meal, total microbes and coliforms were reduced 78% and 87%, respectively, by the influences of HCN. The reported beneficial effects of cassava chip meal as a basal feed in lactating sow diets is manifested by improved performance of suckling pigs. This is due to beneficial, non-toxic levels of HCN in the diets. Besides passing HCN to suckling pigs in the form of $SCN^-$, sow milk may also benefit suckling pigs with the observed (day 14) increase in lactoperoxidase content and reduction in coliform bacteria.

Keywords

References

  1. Abbe, M. R. L. and J. K. Friel. 2000. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase content of human milk from mothers of premature and full-term infants during the first 3 months of lactation. J. Pediatr Gastroenterol. Nutr. 31(3):270-274. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005176-200009000-00013
  2. Anekaviean, T. 1982. Milk science. Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture. Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.
  3. AOAC. 1980. Official method of analysis. 13th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC.
  4. Auldist, D. E., D. Carlson, L. Morrish, C. M. Wakeford and R. H. King. 2000. The influence of suckling interval on milk production of sows. J. Anim. Sci. 78:2026-2031.
  5. Bhattacharya, I. D., M. F. Picciano and J. A. Milner. 1988. Characteristics of human milk glutathione peroxidase. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 18:59-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02917489
  6. Boonnop, K., M. Wanapat, N. Nontaso and S. Wanapat. 2009. Enriching nutritive value of cassava root by yeast fermentation. Sci. Agric. (Piracicaba, Braz.) 66(5):629-633. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-90162009000500007
  7. Buaphan, S. 2003. Effects of increasing content of cassava chips in total mixed rations on somatic cell counts, microorganisms, aflatoxins and peroxidase activity in raw milk of cows. Ms. Thesis, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.
  8. Chang, J. and J. L. Wood. 1971. The importance of glutathione in human disease. J. Biol. Chem. 249:4346-4349.
  9. Chen, J. H., L. M. Mansson and B. A. Kesson. 2000. Optimisation of a coupled enzymatic assay of glutathione peroxidase activity in bovine milk and whey. Int. Dairy J. 10:347-351. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-6946(00)00057-1
  10. Christen, G. L., P. M. Davidson, J. S. McAllister and L. A. Roth. 1992. Coliform and other indicator bacteria. In: Standard and Method for the Examination of Dairy Products. 16th Ed. (Ed. R. J. Marshell). Port City Press, Port City. pp. 247-269.
  11. Chutharatana, A. 2004. Cyanide Introduction. Department of Primary Industries and Mines, Ministry of Industry of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand.
  12. Cosby, E. L. and J. B. Sumner. 1945. Rhodanese. Arch. Biochem. 7:457-460.
  13. Darragh, A. J. and P. J. Moughan. 1998. The composition of colostrums and milk. In: The Lactating Sow. (Ed. M. W. A. Verstegen, P. J. Moughan and J. W. Schrama). Wageningen Pers, Wageningen. pp. 3-21.
  14. Debski, B., M. F. Picciano and J. A. Milner. 1987. Selenium content and distribution of human, cow and goat milk. J. Nutr. 117:1091-1097.
  15. Eastvold, J. S. 2005. Hypothiocyanous acid: An Overiew. Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program. The University of Iowa. Iowa City.
  16. Ehiagbonare, J. E., S. A. Enabulele, B. B. Babatunde and R. Adjarhore. 2009. Effect of cassava effluent on Okada denizens. Sci. Res. Essay. 4(4):310-313.
  17. Egbe, T. A. and I. L. Mbome. 2006. The effects of processing techniques in reducing cyanogen levels during the production of some Cameroonian cassava foods. J. Food Compost. Anal. 19:354-363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2005.02.004
  18. Fox, P. F. and A. L. Kelly. 2006. Indigenous enzyme in milk: overview and historical aspects-part 2. Int. Dairy J. 16:517-532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2005.09.017
  19. Houghtby, G. A., L. A. Maturin and E. K. Koenig. 1992. Microbiological count methods. In: Standard and Method for the Examination of Dairy Products. 16th Ed. (Ed. R. J. Marshell). Port City Press, Port City. pp. 247-269.
  20. Jackson, J. R., W. L. Hurley, R. A. Easter, A. H. Jensen and J. Odle. 1995. Effects of induced or delayed parturition and supplemental dietary fat on colostrum and milk composition in sows. J. Anim. Sci. 73:1906-1913.
  21. Kanchanapreuttipong, J., U. Kanto, S. Juttupornpong and W. Chowuthai. 1999. Substitution of cassava for corn in dairy concentrates diets. In: Cassava for Animal Feed Project 1999 Annual Report. Thai Tapioca Development Institute, Bangkok, Thailand.
  22. Kanto, U. 2006. Cassava and pig health. Part 1. Asian Pork, Oct-Nov:18-20.
  23. Kanto, U. and S. Juttupornpong. 2005. Cassava in Animal Nutrition: With Reference To Thailand Cassava. Animal Nutrition Research and Development Center, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
  24. Kanto, U. and S. Juttupornpong. 2007. Cassava in Animal Nutrition: With Reference To Thailand. 2nd Ed., Animal Nutrition Research and Development Center, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
  25. Khajarern, J. 1980. Manual of animal feed analysis. 1st Ed., Department of Animal Science Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kean University, Khon Kean, Thailand.
  26. Khajarern, S. 1999. Feeds and feeding of nonruminants. Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kean University, Khon Kean, Thailand.
  27. Klebanoff, S. J., W. H. Clem and R. G. Luebke. 1966. The peroxidase thiocyanate hydrogen peroxide antimicrobial system. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 117:63-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(66)90152-8
  28. Kuma, R. and K. L. Bhatia. 1999. Standardization of method for lactoperoxidase assay in milk. Lait. J. 79:269-274. https://doi.org/10.1051/lait:1999222
  29. Leesmith, J. 2004. Laboratory of microbiology. Microbiology Program, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Scince, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
  30. Losendahl, K. J., H. Wang, M. Aslam, Z. Sixiang and W. L. Hurley. 2000. Antimicrobial proteins in milk. Available at: http://www.classes.ag.uiuc.edu./AnSci.308/antimi-croprot IDR.Html
  31. Mavromichalis, I. 2006. Applied nutrition for young pigs. Cromwell Press, Trowbridgs.
  32. Moore, M. A., R. C. Wander, Y. M. Xia, S. H. Du, J. A. Butler and P. D. Whanger. 2000. Selenium supplementation of Chinese women with habitually low selenium intake increases plasma selenium, plasma glutathione peroxidase activity, and milk selenium, but not milk glutathione peroxidase activity. J. Nutr. Biochem. 11:341-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2863(00)00089-9
  33. National Research Council (NRC). 1998. Nutrient requirements of swine. 10th Ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
  34. Promthong, S. 2005. Comparative studies on physiological, histological and microbial properties in the digestive tract of broilers fed cassava versus corn diets. Ph.D. Thesis, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.
  35. Poungpeach, N. 2003. Documentary Technique of Cassava. Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangkok, Thailand.
  36. Reas, B. P. 1996. A study on the comparative digestibility of cassava, maize, sorghum and barley in growing pigs. Ms. Thesis, University of Queensland, Queensland.
  37. Reiter, B. and G. Harnulv. 1984. Lactoperoxidase antibacterial system: Natural occurrence, biological functions and practical application. J. Food Prot. 47:724-732.
  38. Saidu, Y. 2004. Physicochemical features of rhodanese: A Review. Afr. J. Biotect. 3(4):370-374.
  39. SAS Institute. Inc. 2003. SAS/STAT User's Guide. SAS Institute Inc., North Carolina.
  40. Shin, K., M. Tomita and B. Lonnerdal. 2000. Identification of lactoperoxidase in mature human milk. J. Nutr. Biochem. 11:94-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2863(99)00082-0
  41. Shindler, J. S., R. E. Childs and W. G. Bardsley. 1976. Peroxidase from human cervical mucus the isolation and characterisation. Eur J. Biochem. 65:325-331. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10345.x
  42. Stagsted, J. 2006. Absence of both glutathione peroxidase activity and glutathione in bovine milk. Int. Dairy J. 16:662-668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2005.08.013
  43. Tahboub. Y. R., S. Alijasevic, M. P. Diamond and H. M. AbuSoud. 2005. Thiocyanate modulates the catalytic activity of mammalian peroxidases. J. Biol. Chem. 280(28):26129-26136. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M503027200
  44. Thomas, E. L., T. W. Milligan, R. E. Joyner and M. M. Jefferson. 1994. Antibacterial activity of hydrogen peroxide and the lactoperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-thiocyanate system against oral streptococci. Infect. Immun. Feb. 529-535.
  45. The United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense (USAMRICD). 2010. Cyanide. Available at: http://www.gnyha.org/210/File.aspx+USAMricd+cyanide.
  46. Utarak, T. 2008. Effect of cassava meal in swine feed on immunological system and performance of weaned pigs. Ms. Thesis, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.
  47. Verley, M. A. and J. Wiseman. 2001. The weaner pig: Nutrition and management. Cromwell Press, Trowbridgs.
  48. Welk, A., C. Meller, R. Schubert, C. Schwahn, A. Kramer and H. Below. 2009. Effect of lactoperoxidase on the antimicrobial effectiveness of the thiocyanate hydrogen peroxide combination in a quantitative suspension test. BMC Microbiol. 9:134-140. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-9-134

Cited by

  1. Nutritional Evaluation of Cassava ( Manihot esculenta ) Peels as a Dietary Supplement in Tropical Friesian Holstein Cross Breed Dairy Cattle vol.2019, pp.None, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6517839