• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.89-95
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• 2012

U.S. Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) has developed CHECWORKS program and applied it to power plant piping lines since some lines were ruptured by flow-accelerated corrosion (FAC) in 1978. Nowadays the CHECWORKS program has been used to manage pipe wall thinning phenomena caused by FAC. However, various erosion mechanisms can occur in carbon-steel piping. Most common forms of erosion are cavitation, flashing, liquid droplet impingement erosion (LDIE), and Solid Particle Erosion (SPE). Those erosion mechanisms cause pipe wall thinning, leaking, rupturing, and even result in unplanned shutdowns of utilities. Especially, in two phase condition, LDIE damages a wide scope of plant pipelines. Furthermore, LDIE is the major culprit to cause such as power runback by pipe leaking. This paper describes the methodologies that manage wall thinning and also predict LDIE wall thinning area. For this study, current properties of two-phase condition are investigated and LDIE areas are selected. The areas are checked by B-Scan method to detect the effect of wall thinning phenomena.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.605-610
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• 2011

내경이 0.105 m이고 높이가 2.5 m인 삼상(기체-액체-고체) 유동층에서 상대적으로 큰 기포와 작은 기포의 체류량 특성을 고찰하였다. 기체유속(0.01~0.07 m/s), 액체유속(0.01~0.07 m/s) 그리고 입자크기($0.5{\sim}3.0{\times}10^{-3}m$)가 상대적으로 큰 기포와 작은 기포의 체류량에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 삼상 유동층에서 이들 두 종류 기포들의 체류량은 동력학적 기체 유출 방법(Dynamic gas disengagement method)에 의해 측정된 각각 기포들에 의한 압력강하 정보로부터 정압강하법(static pressure drop method)에 의해 산출되었다. 기체조절기에 의해 조절되는 건조되고 여과된 공기와 물 그리고 밀도가 2,500 $kg/m^3$인 유리구슬을 각각 기체, 액체 및 고체유동입자로 사용하였다. 삼상유동층에서 이들 두 종류의 기포, 즉 상대적으로 큰 기포와 작은 기포들은 유동층 탑에 유입되는 기체와 액체의 흐름을 정지시킨 후 경과시간에 따른 탑 내부의 압력강하를 측정함으로써 효과적으로 조사하고 분리할 수 있었다. 이들 두 종류의 기포들은 경과시간에 따라 증가하는 압력강하의 기울기가 서로 매우 다르게 나타났다. 실험결과 상대적으로 큰 기포들의 체류량은 기체의 유속이 증가함에 따라 증가하였으나 액체의 유속이 증가함에 따라서는 감소하였다. 그러나, 이들 큰 기포의 체류량은 유동입자의 크기가 변화함에 따라 국부적인 최소값을 나타내었다. 상대적으로 작은 기포들의 체류량은 기체유속 또는 고체입자의 크기가 증가함에 따라 증가하였으나 액체의 유속이 증가함에 따라서는 약간 감소하였다. 이들 두 종류 기포들의 체류량들은 각각 본 연구의 실험 범위 내에서 조작변수들의 상관식으로 나타낼 수 있었다.

• 한국해안·해양공학회논문집
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.277-286
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• 2012

기체와 액체의 유동 및 고체의 변형을 동시에 고려할 수 있는 혼상류모델을 이용하여 파동장을 해석하는 경우, 서로 다른 비혼합의 유체 경계면의 시간변형을 고정도로 추적하는 것이 대단히 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 경계면의 추적에 있어서 VOF(Volume of Fluid)법으로 대표되는 경계면 형상의 재구축이 필요한 Geometrical-type의 경계추적법의 대신에 Algebraic-type의 경계추적법인 THINC(Tangent of Hyperbola for INterface-Capturing)법을 적용하였다. THINC법은 경계면에 대한 형상의 구축이 필요하지 않으므로 VOF법에 비해 비교적 간단한 알고리즘을 가지며, 기존의 Navier-Stokes solver에로 적용성이 용이한 장점을 갖는다. 본 연구에서는 THINC법의 기본적인 이류특성을 고찰하고, 혼상류수치모델인 TWOPM(one-field Model for immiscible TWO-Phase flows)과 결합한 수치모델을 파동장에 적용하여 비혼합 혼상류에서 경계면의 추적능을 검토하였다. 그 결과, 혼상류의 경계면 추적에 있어서 상대적으로 간단한 알고리즘의 THINC법이 기존의 VOF법과 유사한 정도를 갖는 해석법이라는 것을 확인할 수 있었고, 따라서 향후 기포의 연행을 동반하는 쇄파 및 쇄파력의 해석 등에 그의 적용성이 기대된다.

• Coupled systems mechanics
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.407-420
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• 2018

In solid-liquid two phase flow, the knowledge of how descending solid particles affected by the presence of downstream wall is important. This work studies at what interstitial distance the velocity of a vertically descending sphere is affected by a downstream wall as a consequence of wall-modified hydrodynamic forces through a validated dynamic model. This interstitial distance-the hydrodynamic coupling distance ${\delta}_c-is$ found to decay monotonically with the approach Stokes number St which compares the particle inertia to viscous drag characterized by the quasi-steady Stokes' drag. The scaling relation ${\delta}_c-St-1$ decays monotonically as literature below the value of St equal to 10. However, the faster diminishing rate is found above the threshold value from St=10-40. Furthermore, an empirical relation of ${\delta}_c-St$ shows dependence on the drop height which clearly indicates the non-negligible effect of unsteady hydrodynamic force components, namely the added mass force and the history force. Finally, we attempt a fitting relation which embedded the particle acceleration effect in the dependence of fitting constants on the diameter-scaled drop height.

• 대한설비공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한설비공학회 2008년도 하계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.1155-1160
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• 2008

In the present study investigated the heat dissipation characteristics of the natural convection type radiator by using the latent heat from a solid-liquid PCM(Phase Change Material). Total radiator volume size is $423{\times}295{\times}83\;mm$ and PCM tank size is $398{\times}270{\times}26\;mm$. The objective was elapsed time lower than maximum operating temperature. Experimental condition, in order to study the effects of the phase-change phenomenon, carried out the various mass flow rate, input electric power, and heat of fusion temperature of two type PCMs. For the above experimental conditions, the cooling performance by using the latent heat showed that heat absorption rate performs for about 3 hours from using PCM $38^{\circ}C$. However, cooling performance by using PCM $50^{\circ}C$ showed higher than surface temperature of heater block because of heat of fusion.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.11-17
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• 2007

Turbulent in-situ mixing process is a new material process technology to get dispersed phase in nanometer size by controlling reaction of liquid/solid, liquid/gas, flow ana solidification speed simultaneously. In this study, mixing which is the key technology to this synthesis method was studied by computational fluid dynamics. For the simulation of mixing of liquid metal, static mixers investigated. Two inlets for different liquid metal meet ana merge like 'Y' shape tube having various shapes and radios of curve. The performance of mixer was evaluated with quantitative analysis with coefficient of variance of mass fraction. Also, detailed plots of intersection were presented to understand effect of mixer shape on mixing. The simulations show that the Reynolds number (Re) is the important factor to mixing and dispersion of $TiB_2$ particles. Mixer was designed according to the simulation, and $Cu-TiB_2$ nano composites were evaluated. $TiB_2$ nano particles were uniformly dispersed when Re was 1000, and cluster formation and reduction in volume fraction of $TiB_2$ were found at higher Re.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.20-25
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• 2012

During drilling, the precipitation velocity of cuttings within an annulus depends on the density and configuration of the cuttings, and on the density, viscosity, and rheological characteristics of the drilling fluid. In directional drilling in particular, it is difficult to adjust and control the cuttings. In contrast to vertical drilling, it is very important to evaluate the flow characteristics of a drilling flow field. However, research on the transfer features of cuttings is inadequate. In this study, in order to identify transfer features of cuttings, an experiment was performed under wide-ranging conditions by constructing a slim hole annulus ($44mm{\times}30mm$) device. In this experiment, the particle volume fraction were influenced by particle size, particle concentration within the flow, pipe rotation, flow volume, and inclination of the annulus. In addition, a mathematical formula for volumetric concentration was deduced and compared to the test results and behavior of cuttings under the other drilling condition was made to be predicted. Therefore, this study can provide meaningful data for vertical and horizontal drilling, and for directional drilling.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제30권9호
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• pp.948-954
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• 2008

침지형 MBR 공정에서 막 오염과 플럭스 감소의 주요 원인인 케이크층에 의한 저항을 저감하기 위하여 분리막 모듈의 외부에 원통형 관을 도입하였다. 도입된 원통형관 안에 노즐과 산기관을 적용하여 공기 주입량에 따른 공기와 액체의 2상흐름(Two phase flow)중 slug 흐름을 유도하여 공기 방울에 의한 막세정의 효과를 비교 분석하였다. 실험결과 동일한 유량의 공기를 공급할 경우 노즐에서 발생한 공기방울이 원통형관으로 유입되면서 효율적인 slug 흐름을 형성으로 산기관을 사용한 공급 방식보다는 막오염 방지에 효과적이었음을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 노즐로 공급되는 공기의 유량을 최적화하지 않는다면 원통형 관의 벽 부분부터 활성슬러지 혼합액이 퇴적하게 되거나 막간에 슬러지가 퇴적되어 관 내부의 급격한 막힘 현상이 발생하여 일정시간이 경과하면, 오히려 산기관보다 급격한 막오염 현상을 나타냄을 알 수 있었다. 또한 원통형 관 내부에 침지된 분리막의 면적의 최적 비율, A$_m$/A$_t$가 비율이 존재하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 산기관의 경우에는 A$_m$/A$_t$ 비율이 0.27일 때 최소화된 막오염이 관찰된 반면에, 노즐의 경우에는 A$_m$/A$_t$ 비율이 0.55일 때 막오염이 최소값을 보였다. 따라서 상승하는 공기방울에 의한 막오염 저감효과는 관 내부의 중공사막이 차지하고 있는 비율, A$_m$/A$_t$에 크게 의존하고 있으며, 산기관과 노즐의 경우 그 최적비율은 각각 다름을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.276-285
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• 2003

In the undercooled melt of $Pd_{40}Cu_{30}Ni_{10}P_{20}$ alloy, the solidification behavior including nucleation and growth of crystals at the micrometer level has been observed in-situ by use of a confocal scanning laser microscope combined with an infrared image furnace. The $Pd_{40}Cu_{30}Ni_{10}P_{20}$ alloy specimens were cooled from the liquid state to glass transition temperature. 575 K, at various cooling late under a helium gas flow. According to the cooling rate, the morphologies of the solidification front are changed among various types, irregular jog like front, columnar dendritic front, cellular grain, star like shape jog and fine grain, etc. The velocities of the solid-liquid interface are measured to be $10^{-5}{\sim}10^{-8}$ m/s which are at least two orders higher than the theoretical crystal growth rates. Combining the morphologies observed in terms of cooling rates and their solidification behaviors, we conclude that phase separation takes place in the undercooled molten $Pd_{40}Cu_{30}Ni_{10}P_{20}$ alloy. The continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagram was constructed from solidification onset time at various linear cooling conditions with different rate. The CCT diagram suggests that the critical cooling rate for glassy solidification is about 1.5 K/s, which is in agreement with the previous calorimetric findings.

• 청정기술
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.100-125
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• 1996

After recycle of spent materials has been optimised, there remains a proportion of waste which must be dealt with in the most environmentally friendly manner available. For materials such as municipal waste, clinical waste, toxic waste and special wastes such as tyres, incineration is often the most appropriate technology. The study of incineration must take a process system approach covering the following aspects: ${\bullet}$ Collection and blending of waste, ${\bullet}$ The two stage combustion process, ${\bullet}$ Quenching, scrubbing and polishing of the flue gases, ${\bullet}$ Dispersion of the flue gases and disposal of any solid or liquid effluent. The design of furnaces for the burning of a bed of material is being hampered by lack of an accurate mathematical model of the process and some semi-empirical correlations have to be used at present. The prediction of the incinerator gas phase flow is in a more advanced stage of development using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis, although further validation data is still required. Unfortunately, it is not possible to scale down many aspects of waste incineration and tests on full scale incinerators are essencial. Thanks to a close relationship between SUWIC and Sheffield Heat&Power Ltd., an extended research programme has been carried out ar the Bernard Road Incinerator plant in Sheffield. This plant consists of two Municipal(35 MW) and two Clinical (5MW) Waste Incinerators which provide district heating for a large part of city. The heat is distributed as hot water to commercial, domestic ( >5000 dwelling) and industrial buildings through 30km of 14" pipes plus a smaller pipe distribution system. To improve the economics, a 6 MW generator is now being added to the system.