• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.9-20
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• 2003

A solar radiation model was used to investigate the UV radiation at the surface offing Sejong Station in West Antarctica. The results calculated by this model were compared with the values measured by UV-Biometer and UV-A meter during 1999-2000. In this study, the parameterization of solar radiative transfer process was based on Chou and Lee(1996). The total ozone amounts measured by Breve. Ozone Spectrophotometer and the aerosol amounts by Nakajima et al.(1996) was used as the input data of the solar radiative transfer model. And the surface albedo is assumed to be 0.20 in summer and 0.85 in winter. The sensitivity test of solar radiative transfer model was done with the variation of total ozone, aerosol amount, and surface albedo. When the cosine of solar zenith angle is 0.3, Erythemal UV-B radiation decreased 73% with the 200% increase of total ozone from 100 DU to 300 DU, but the decrease of UV-A radiation is about 1%. Also, for the same solar zenith angle, UV-A radiation was decreased 31.0% with the variation of aerosol optical thickness from 0.0 to 0.3 and Erythemal UV-B radiation was decreased only 6.1%. The increase of Erythemal W-B radiation with the variation of surface albedo was twice that of UV-A increase. The surface Erythemal UV-B and UV-A radiation calculated by solar raditive transfer model were compared with the measured values fer the relatively clear day at King Sejong Station in West Antarctica. The model calculated Erythemal UV-B radiation at the surface coincide well with the measured values except for cloudy days. But the difference between the model calculated UV-A radiation and the measured value at the surface was large because of cloud scattering effect. So, the cloud property data is needed to calculate the UV radiation more exactly at King Sejong Station in West Antarctica.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2016

The aim of this study is to describe the physical processes taking place in the solar photosphere. Based on 3D hydrodynamic simulations including a detailed radiation transfer scheme, we investigate thermodynamic structures and radiation fields in solar surface convection. As a starting model, the initial stratification in the outer envelope calculated using the solar calibrations in the context of the standard stellar theory. When the numerical fluid becomes thermally relaxed, the thermodynamic structure of the steady-state turbulent flow was explicitly collected. Particularly, a non-grey radiative transfer incorporating the opacity distribution function was considered in our calculations. In addition, we evaluate the classical approximations that are usually adopted in the onedimensional stellar structure models. We numerically reconfirm that radiation fields are well represented by the asymptotic characteristics of the Eddington approximation (the diffusion limit and the streaming limit). However, this classical approximation underestimates radiation energy in the shallow layers near the surface, which implies that a reliable treatment of the non-grey line opacities is crucial for the accurate description of the photospheric convection phenomenon.

• Plant Journal
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.42-46
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• 2018

The flow and heat transfer characteristics inside a solar chimney power plant system are analyzed in this article. 3-D model with the $k-{\varepsilon}$ turbulence closure was developed. In this model, to solve the radiative transfer equation the discrete ordinates radiation model was implemented, using a two-band radiation model. To simulate radiation effects from the sun's rays, the solar ray tracing algorithm was coupled to the calculation via a source term in the energy equation. Simulations were carried out for a system with the geometry parameters of the Manzanares power plant. Based on the numerical results, the velocity and temperature distributions were illustrated and the results were validated by comparing with experimental data of the Manzanares prototype power plant. Moreover, temperature profile of the ground surface of the system was illustrated.

• Atmosphere
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.423-433
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• 2017

The spatial and temporal variations in radiative forcing (RF) and mean temperature changes of greenhouse gases (GHGs), such as $CO_2$, $CH_4$, and $N_2O$, were analyzed at urban center (Yeon-dong) and background sites (Gosan) on Jeju Island during 2010~2015, based on a modeling approach (i.e., radiative transfer model). Overall, the RFs and mean temperature changes of $CO_2$ at Yeon-dong during most years (except for 2014) were estimated to be higher than those at Gosan. This might be possibly because of its higher concentrations at Yeon-dong due to relatively large energy consumption and small photosynthesis and also the difference in radiation flux due to the different input condition (e.g., local time and geographic coordinates of solar zenith angle) in the model. The annual mean RFs and temperature changes of $CO_2$ were highest in 2015 ($2.41Wm^{-2}$ and 1.76 K) at Yeon-dong and in 2013 ($2.22Wm^{-2}$ and 1.62 K) at Gosan (except for 2010 and 2011). The maximum monthly/seasonal mean RFs and temperature changes of $CO_2$ occurred in spring (Mar. and/or Apr.) or winter (Jan. and/or Feb.) at the two sites during the study period, whereas the minimum RFs and temperature changes in summer (Jun.-Aug.). In the case of $CH_4$ and $N_2O$, their impacts on the RF and mean temperature changes were very small (an order of magnitude lower) compared to $CO_2$. The spatio-temporal differences in these RF values of GHGs might primarily depend on the atmospheric profile (e.g., ozone profile), surface albedo, local time (or solar zenith angle), as well as their mass concentrations.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.83-92
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• 2021

The ionization degree of hydrogen is crucial in the physics of the plasma in the solar chromosphere. It specifically limits the range of plasma temperatures that can be determined from the Hα line. Given that the chromosphere greatly deviates from the local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) condition, precise determinations of hydrogen ionization require the solving of the full set of non-LTE radiative transfer equations throughout the atmosphere, which is usually a formidable task. In many cases, it is still necessary to obtain a quick estimate of hydrogen ionization without having to solve for the non-LTE radiative transfer. Here, we present a simple method to meet this need. We adopt the assumption that the photoionizing radiation field changes little over time, even if physical conditions change locally. With this assumption, the photoionization rate can be obtained from a published atmosphere model and can be used to determine the degree of hydrogen ionization when the temperature and electron density are specified. The application of our method indicates that in the chromospheric environment, plasma features contain more than 10% neutral hydrogen at temperatures lower than 17,000 K but less than 1% neutral hydrogen at temperatures higher than 23,000 K, implying that the hydrogen temperature determined from the Hα line is physically plausible if it is lower than 20,000 K, but may not be real, if it is higher than 25,000 K. We conclude that our method can be readily exploited to obtain a quick estimate of hydrogen ionization in plasma features in the solar chromosphere.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.147-161
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• 2010

The temporal and spatial distributions of surface solar radiation were calculated by the one layer solar radiative transfer model(GWNU) which was corrected by multi layer Line-by-Line(LBL) model during 2009 in South Korea. The aerosol optical thickness, ozone amount, cloud fraction and total precipitable water were used as the input data for GWNU model run and they were retrieved from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer(MODIS), Ozone Monitoring Instrument(OMI), MTSAT-1R satellite data and the Regional Data Assimilation Prediction System(RDAPS) model result, respectively. The surface solar radiation was calculated with 4 km spatial resolution in South Korea region using the GWNU model and the results were compared with surface measurement(by pyranometer) data of 22 KMA solar sites. The maximum values(more than $5,400MJ/m^2$) of model calculated annual solar radiation were found in Andong, Daegu and Jinju regions and these results were corresponded with the MTSAT-1R cloud amount data. However, the spatial distribution of surface measurement data was comparatively different from the model calculation because of the insufficient correction and management problems for the sites instruments(pyranometer).

• Ocean Science Journal
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.235-244
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• 2006

Determining 'photosynthetically active radiation' (PAR) is a key part of calculating phytoplankton productivity in a biogeochemical model. We explore the daily and seasonal variability in the ratio of PAR irradiance to total irradiance that occurred at Ieodo Ocean Research Station (IORS) in the East China Sea under clear-sky conditions in 2004 using a simple radiative transfer model (RTM). Meteorological data observed at IORS and aerosol optical properties derived from Aerosol Robotic Network observations at Gosan are used for the RTM. Preliminary results suggest that the use of simple PAR irradiance-ratio values is appropriate in calculating phytoplankton productivity as follows: an average of $0.44\;({\pm}0.01)$ in January to an average of $0.48\;({\pm}0.01)$ in July, with average daily variabilities over these periods of about $0.016\;({\pm}0.008)$ and $0.025\;({\pm}0.008)$, respectively. The model experiments demonstrate that variations in the major controlling input parameters (i.e. solar zenith angle, precipitable water vapor and aerosol optical thickness) cause PAR irradiance ratio variation at daily and seasonal timescales. Further, increases (>0.012) in the PAR irradiance ratio just below the sea-surface are positively correlated with high solar zenith angles and strong wind stresses relative to those just above the sea-surface.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.151-162
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• 2019

Surface temperature has been derived from the MODIS/ASTER airborne simulator (MASTER) mid-wave infrared single channel data using the MODerate resolution atmospheric TRANsmission (MODTRAN) radiative transfer model with input data including the University of Wisconsin (UW) emissivity, the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) atmospheric profiles, and solar and line-of-sight geometry. We have selected the study area that covers some surface types such as water, sand, agricultural (vegetated) land, and clouds. Results of the current study show the reasonable geographical distribution of surface temperature over land and water similar to the pattern of the MASTER L2 surface temperature. The thorough quantitative validation of surface temperature retrieved from this study is somehow limited due to the lack of in-situ measurements. One point comparison at the Salton Sea buoy shows that the present estimate is 1.8 K higher than the field data. Further comparison with the MASTER L2 surface temperature over the study area reveals statistically good agreement with mean differences of 4.6 K between two estimates. We further analyze the surface temperature differences between two estimates and find primary factors to be emissivity and atmospheric correction.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.99-120
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• 1997

Solar radiation is scattered and absorbed atmospheric compositions in the atmosphere before it reaches the surface and, then after reflected at the surface, until it reaches the satellite sensor. Therefore, consideration of the radiative transfer through the atmosphere is essential for the quantitave analysis of the satellite sensed data, specially at shortwave region. This study examined a feasibility of using radiative transfer code for estimating the atmospheric effects on satellite remote sensing data. To do this, the flux simulated by LOWTRAN7 is compared with CAGEX data in shortwave region. The CAGEX (CERES/ARM/GEWEX Experiment) data provides a dataset of (1) atmospheric soundings, aerosol optical depth and albedo, (2) ARM(Aerosol Radiation Measurement) radiation flux measured by pyrgeometers, pyrheliometer and shadow pyranometer and (3) broadband shortwave flux simulated by Fu-Liou's radiative transfer code. To simulate aerosol effect using the radiative transfer model, the aerosol optical characteristics were extracted from observed aerosol column optical depth, Spinhirne's experimental vertical distribution of scattering coefficient and D'Almeida's statistical atmospheric aerosols radiative characteristics. Simulation of LOWTRAN7 are performed on 31 sample of completely clear days. LOWTRAN's result and CAGEX data are compared on upward, downward direct, downward diffuse solar flux at the surface and upward solar flux at the top of the atmosphere(TOA). The standard errors in LOWTRAN7 simulation of the above components are within 5% except for the downward diffuse solar flux at the surface(6.9%). The results show that a large part of error in LOWTRAN7 flux simulation appeared in the diffuse component due to scattering mainly by atmispheric aerosol. For improving the accuracy of radiative transfer simulation by model, there is a need to provide better information about the radiative charateristrics of atmospheric aerosols.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.11a
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• pp.40.1-40.1
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• 2010

인간의 삶과 밀접한 관련이 있는 태양 에너지는 전세계적으로 에너지 부족 문제 해결방안을 위한 대체 에너지 자원으로 각광 받고 있다. 즉 태양으로부터 방출되어 지표면에 도달하는 태양광은 연간 약 23,000 TW(Perez et al., 2009)로써 다른 어떤 종류의 에너지원보다 풍부하기 때문에 태양광 발전은 양적인 측면에서의 무한한 잠재력뿐만 아니라 환경적인 측면에서 무공해라는 장점을 가진다. 특히 국내에서는 2030년까지 태양광 에너지와 풍력 및 수소에너지들은 3대 국가 에너지 전략 분야로 집중 육성되고 있다(한국과학기술정보연구원, 2007). 지표면에 도달하는 태양 에너지 평가 및 분석을 위하여 일사계에 의한 관측 자료가 이용될 수 있으나 관측 영역 및 관측 정밀도 문제 때문에 태양 복사 모델(Solar Radiative Transfer Model)에 의한 계산 자료가 중요하게 활용된다. 이 연구에서 한반도의 지표면 태양광 계산을 위하여 사용된 모델은 Iqbal(1983)에 근거한 것으로써 단일 기층의 모형대기를 가정한 모델이며 상세 모델(Line-by-Line Model)에 의하여 보정하여 2009년 1월부터 2009년 12월까지 한반도의 지표면 태양광 시공간 분포를 계산하였다. 이 계산을 위하여 대기 중의 가스와 에어로졸 및 구름 성분들에 대한 모델 입력자료 등이 요구되며 이 자료들은 기상청의 수치 모델(Regional Date Assimilation and Prediction System; RDAPS)과 기상 관련 인공위성(OMI와 MODIS 및 MTSAT-1R 등)으로부터 발췌하여 사용하였다. 그 결과 이 연구 기간(2009년 1월 ~ 2009년 12월)동안 1 km 간격의 수평면에 대하여 계산된 한반도의 지표면 태양광은 안동과 대구 및 진주를 연결하는 지역에서 최대값($5400MJ/m^2$ 이상)이 나타났다. 그러나 지표면 일사 관측 자료의 공간 분포는 이 연구 결과와 차이가 있었으며 그 원인은 관측소 일사계의 보정 및 관리운영에 따른 자료 정확성 결여 때문으로 평가된다.