• 대한치과교정학회지
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.7-20
• /
• 1989

A serial cephalometric study was undertaken to define the growth of the soft tissue facial profile in Korean children. The sample was composed of 25 males and 15 females for whom yearly cephalometric records were taken from the ages of 6 to 13 years. From the tracings, points on skeletal and soft tissue profiles were located and recorded on magnetic tape utilizing a Calcomp Talos RP660 X-Y digitizer. Linear and angular measurements of soft tissues were made directly from tape in a Cyber 174-16 computer after cephalometric enlargement had been corrected. A statistical evaluation was made of the data and the average profile diagrams in male and female were described by a Calcomp 960 pen plotter. On the basis of the findings of this study, the following trends were established. 1. The most prominent growth in soft tissue facial profile thickness was the nose and the least was the forehead. 2. The general growth direction of the soft facial tissue to the cranium described the downward and forward. 3. The degree of soft tissue facial convexity was decidely more than that exhibited earlier in life even though the soft tissue chin had protruded to the cranium. 4. The measurements indicated a general tendency for males to have larger nose and more convex and long soft tissue facial profile than did females. 5. Males showed significantly more growth than females in base of the upper lip and height of the upper anterior facial profile. 6. There was a difference between males and females in the rates of soft tissue facial profile growth. 7. Korean children showed less convex in the soft tissue profile convexity than did American children.

• 대한치과교정학회지
• /
• 제12권2호
• /
• pp.155-164
• /
• 1982

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of bony and soft tissue by the growth Each 50 boys and girls was studied aged 7 through 9 years old. The results were as follows; 1. Thickness of soft tissue was increased by the growth and much more done in boys than in girls. 2. In the linear measurement of soft tissue change of A-A' was most remarkable. 3. Nose length was increased in both boys and girls. Remarkable change was observed in male aged 8 through 9 years old and in female aged 7 through 8 years old. 4. In the linear measurement of bony tissue change, S-Pg, Go-Me, S-A, and S-N were increased in sequence. 5. Point-A and Pg in bony tissue grow more downward direction than forward. 6. In the angular measurement, no significant change was observed.

• 대한치과교정학회지
• /
• 제12권2호
• /
• pp.79-93
• /
• 1982

The purpose of orthodontic treatment is to achieve normal occlusion and good facial esthetics for individual patients. To produce harmonized facial balance, treatment planning for patient who require orthodontic treatment should include both a hard tissue and soft tissue cephalometric analysis. Author studied to derive the normal standards of soft tissue profile in Koreans by roentgenocephalometric analysis. For this study 12 soft tissue profile landmarks were plotted and 23 linear length, 9 soft tissue thickness, 8 vertical height length, 12 angles of soft tissue profile, and 3 vertical proportion were measured. The subjects consisted of 166 males and 209 females from 7 to 19 years with normal occlusion and acceptable profiles, and were divided into five groups according to age. The obtained results were as follows; 1. From the basis of N-Pog (Nasion-Pogonion) plane, the growth of facial soft tissue in the middle region especially nose area was greater than others facial region. 2. From the basis of G-Pog' (Glabella-soft tissue Pogonion) plane, the values of linear measurement of soft tissue Nasion and Inferior labial sulcus decreased and nose tip grew forward as growing older. 3. The growth of the facial soft tissue thickness was greatest in superior labial sulcus and the thickness of soft tissue nasion gradually became thinner as growing old. 4. The thickness of upper and lower lip was 14.47mm, 14.57mm in adulr male, 12.76mm, 13.78mm in adult female. 5. The soft tissue thickness of the lower lip was thicker than that of upper lip in all age groups and both sexes, 6. The vertical length of the upper and lower lips were 25.04mm, 49.97mm in adult male and 23.50mm, 48.39mm in adult female. 7. By the significant test, there were significant difference between male and female in fifth adult group on all vertical length measurements of lower face. 8. In fifth adult group, the perpendicular distance from LS, LI to Steiner's line and Ricketts' esthetic line were as follow; Steiner line to LS, LI were 7.98mm, 5.84mm in male. Steiner line to LS, LI were 6.71mm, 5.08mm in female. Ricketts' esthetic line to LS, LI were -0.40mm, 1.72mm in male. Ricketts' esthetic line to Ls, LI were -1.38mm 0.65mm in female. 9. In fifth adult group, the facial convexity angle and lower facial component angle were $171.17^{\circ}142.94^{\circ}$ in male and $172.5^{\circ}$, $144.41^{\circ}$ in female.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
• /
• 제41권
• /
• pp.47.1-47.10
• /
• 2019

Background: Hyaluronic acid (HA) has been applied as a primary biomaterial for temporary soft tissue augmentation and as a carrier for cells and the delivery of growth factors to promote tissue regeneration. Although HA derivatives are the most versatile soft tissue fillers on the market, they are resorbed early, within 3 to 12 months. To overcome their short duration, they can be combined with cells or growth factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the stimulating effects of human fibroblasts and basic fibroblast growth factors (bFGF) on collagen synthesis during soft tissue augmentation by HA hydrogels and to compare these with the effects of a commercial HA derivative (Restylane^®). Methods: The hydrogel group included four conditions. The first condition consisted of hydrogel (H) alone as a negative control, and the other three conditions were bFGF-containing hydrogel (HB), human fibroblast-containing hydrogel (HF), and human fibroblast/bFGF-containing hydrogel (HBF). In the Restylane^® group (HGF), the hydrogel was replaced with Restylane^® (R, RB, RF, RBF). The gels were implanted subdermally into the back of each nude mouse at four separate sites. Twelve nude mice were used for the hydrogel (n = 6) and Restylane^® groups (n = 6). The specimens were harvested 8 weeks after implantation and assessed histomorphometrically, and collagen synthesis was evaluated by RT-PCR. Results: The hydrogel group showed good biocompatibility with the surrounding tissues and stimulated the formation of a fibrous matrix. HBF and HF showed significantly higher soft tissue synthesis compared to H (p < 0.05), and human collagen type I was well expressed in HB, HF, and HBF; HBF showed the strongest expression. The Restylane^® filler was surrounded by a fibrous capsule without any soft tissue infiltration from the neighboring tissue, and collagen synthesis within the Restylane^® filler could not be observed, even though no inflammatory reactions were observed. Conclusion: This study revealed that HA-based hydrogel alone or hydrogel combined with fibroblasts and/or bFGF can be effectively used for soft tissue augmentation.

• 대한치과교정학회지
• /
• 제18권2호
• /
• pp.343-366
• /
• 1988

Craniofacial complex is influenced by numerical skeletal elements. Though the analysis of growth change has been done by various analytical methods, it was dependent on any method of registration and superimposition, based on reference plane and reference point. However, the craniofacial growth is composed of a number of local growth elements. Therefore, it will be necessary to use a clinically useful method for estimating craniofacial skeletal growth independently. The author analysed longitudinal cephalometric roentgenogram of 15 Korean males and 15 Korean females aged from 6 to 12 years by the finite element method and results were as follows : 1. The finite element method for craniofacial skeletal complex and soft tissue made it possible to analyze the independent local growth. 2. Regression equations from the value of each strain will make it possible to predict the craniofacial growth. 3. The growth of anterior cranial base was different from that of other facial bone. 4. The growth of posterior cranial base influenced the growth of upper pharyngeal region, midfacial region, maxilla and posterior region of mandible. 5. The growth of maxillary complex was vertical rather than horizontal. 6. The growth direction of ramus, mandibular body, alveolar bone was various. 7. The relation between hard tissue and soft tissue by finite element method was variant.

• 대한치과교정학회지
• /
• 제19권3호
• /
• pp.87-97
• /
• 1989

연조직 측모의 연령증가에 따른 변화양상을 정확히 규명하고자 정상적인 안모 및 교합을 가졌다고 생각되는 9세 아동 남자 29명, 여자 26명을 대상으로 2년 간격으로 3차례에 걸쳐 얻어진 두부방사선 규격사진을 분석하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 남녀별 각 계측항목의 연령에 따른 평균치 및 표준편차를 산출하였다. 연조직 측모의 평가에서 soft tissue facial angle, total facial convexity angle은 연령증가에 따른 약간의 변화를 보여 주었으며 기타 항목에서는 큰 변화를 보이지 않았다. 연조직 후경은 연령증가에 따른 증가를 보여 주었으며 두안부의 하안면부(point B, pog) 보다는 구순부(point A, LS, LI)에서의 증가량이 더 크게 나타났다. 안면고경의 바율은 GL'-Sn/Sn-Me' 1:1, Sn-St/St-Me' 0.51:1, Sn-LI/LI-Me' 0.82 : 1 로 연령증가에 따른 큰 변화가 없었다.

• 대한치과의사협회지
• /
• 제23권6호통권193호
• /
• pp.527-538
• /
• 1985

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the chronologic changes of the soft tissue profile in 6 to 11 years children. The author analyzed 174 cephalometric roentgenograms of 13 boys and 16 girls taken from the ages of 6 to 11 to assess the growth changes of the soft tissue profile. The results were obtained as follow: 1. Means, standard deviation and coefficient of variation of children were obtained. 2. Items which showed difference between males and females in longitudinal study were prn. Sn. A', and Ls that were greater than females variation. 3. With age, thickness of the soft tissue were increased except Ls. 4. Nasolabial angle and facial convexity had no significant change with age and sex.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.172-181
• /
• 2023

Purpose: To investigate the effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) with collagen matrix (CM) for increasing gingival thickness. Materials and Methods: In five mongrel dogs, bilateral gingival defects were surgically made on the maxillary canines. After two months, either a subepithelial connective tissue graft (group SCTG) or CM with EGF (0.1 ug/ml, group EGF) was grafted, and the flap was coronally positioned to cover the graft materials. The animals were sacrificed after three months. Intraoral scanning was performed for soft tissue analysis. Histologic and histomorphometric analyses were performed. Result: Two animals exhibited wound dehiscence during the healing phase, leaving three for analysis. No statistically significant difference was found in soft tissue changes (P>0.05). The level of gingival margin (GM) increased in both groups (1.02±0.74 mm in group SCTG vs. 1.24±0.83 mm in group EGF). Linear increases at the GM pre-augmentation in the soft tissue profile were 1.08±0.58 mm in group SCTG and 0.96±0.73 mm in group EGF. Histomorphometric parameters (keratinized tissue height, tissue thickness, and rete peg density) were not significantly different between the groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: EGF loaded onto CM led to comparable gingival phenotype enhancement to SCTG.

• 대한치과교정학회지
• /
• 제27권2호
• /
• pp.181-196
• /
• 1997

한국인 연조직 측모의 성장에 따른 변화 양상을 규명하기 위하여 남자 15명 여자 11명 모두 26명을 대상으로 8.5세 부터 18.5세까지 누년적으로 촬영된 두부 X-선 규격사진을 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 8.5세보다 18.5세에서 남녀 모두 하안면부가 돌출화 및 직선화되고 있으나 전체적인 연조직 측모 만곡도(Total facial convexity angle)는 남자의 경우 감소하였고(P<0.01), 여자의 경우 유의한 차이가 없었다(P>0.05). 2. 연조직 두께의 성장량은 코 부위와 상하순 부위에서는 남자가 여자에 비해 많았으며 Pogonion 부위에서는 여자가 남자에 비해 많았다(P<0.05). 3. 상안면 고경, 하안면 고경 상부의 성장량은 남자가 여자에 비해 많았다(P<0.05). 4. 8.5세보다 18.5세에서 하안면 고경에 대한 상안면 고경의 비율은 감소하였으며(P<0.01) 하안면 고경의 하부에 대한 상부의 비율, 하순고경에 대한 상순고경의 비율은 유의한 차이가 없었다(P>0.05). 5. 연조직 측모는 남자가 여자에 비해 늦은 연령까지 지속적으로 변화하였다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
• /
• 제27권6호
• /
• pp.891-904
• /
• 1997

현대 교정의 치료 목표는 기능 교합과 안모의 심미성에 있다고 하겠으나 이중 심미적 외모에 대한 중요성은 시대의 흐름에 따라 점차 증가하고 있다. 이런 상황에서 경조직과 연조직의 성장과 발육에 대한 지식은 필수적이라 하겠다. 이전의 연구는 주로 두부방사선적 연구를 통한 골격적 분석에 치중하여 왔다. 하지만 안모의 심미성에 관해 중요한 역할을 하는 악안면 연조직은 하부경조직의 영향을 받지만 긴밀한 연관 관계를 구하기는 어렵다는 연구들이 근래에 보고되었다. 이에 본 저자는 성장기 한국인 3-11세 아동 중에 전신 질환이 없고 발육 상태가 양호하며 교합 상태가 정상인 남자 137명과 여자 106명을 대상으로 만 2년간 두부 방사선 사진을 채득하여 연조직의 분석을 facial form, lip position & posture, Nose, Thickness의 4 부분으로 나누어 성장과의 관계를 연구한바 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었기에 보고하는 바이다. 1. Facial Form Facial convexity가 남자 아동에 있어서 약간의 증가량을 보였는데 이는 A-Sn의 증가율이 남자 아동에서 큰 것과 관련이 있는 듯하다. 또한 안면 하방 구조가 시간이 지남에 따라 상방 구조보다 더 많은 성장이 일어났다. 2. Lip position and posture Nasolabial angle은 연령에 따라 큰 변화가 없는 것으로 보이며 이 평균값은 남자 93.11, 여자 97.56으로 서양인의 102보다는 예각을 보였으며 Esthetic line에 대한 돌출도는 대체로 큰 변화가 없었다. 남자 아동이 여자 아동보다 입술의 돌출도가 더 큰 값을 보였는데 이는 심미적 이유로 발치를 고려할 때 차이를 보일 수 있는 결과라고 하겠다. 상악 전치의 노출도는 남녀 공히 2-3mm의 값을 보였다. 3. Nose 비저의 절대적 길이는 성장에 따라 증가하는데 비해 Sn-N'-Pn은 연령 증가의 변화가 없었는데 이는 코의 성장이 전하방으로 이루어지기 때문이다. 4. Thickness A-Sn의 길이는 남녀 아동에 있어서 연령에 따라 증가하였는데 그중 남자 아동에 있어서 변화폭이 컸다. 상순 후경과 하순 후경 역시 연령에 따라 증가하였으나 Pogonion의 연조직 두께는 큰 차이를 보이지 않았는데 이는 다른 연구 결과와 유사한 결과이다.