• 전자통신동향분석
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.90-99
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• 2023

Recently, with the trend of information technology convergence and electrification, batteries are being widely used in fields such as industry, transportation, and specific applications. By 2030, the secondary battery market is expected to grow explosively by more than eight times compared with 2020 to $351.7 billion owing to the expanding adoption of electric vehicles. Depending on the electrochemical reactions in the electrode, a primary battery can only discharge through an irreversible reaction, while a secondary battery can be repeatedly charged and discharged using reversible reactions. According to the type of charge carrier ions, secondary batteries may be classified into those made of lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and aluminum ions. We analyze the current status and technological issues of lithium-ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, and solid-state batteries, which are representative examples of lithium secondary batteries. In addition, research trends in lithium secondary batteries are discussed.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.320-329
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• 2018

Natural graphite is obtained from an abandoned open-cast mine and purified by a simple, eco-friendly and affordable beneficiation process including ball milling and flotation process. Both raw graphite (55 wt %) and its concentrate (85 wt %) were electrochemically tested in order to evaluate these materials as anode materials for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries. It was found that both raw and purified graphites exhibit good electrochemical activities with respect to lithium and sodium ions through completely different reaction mechanisms. The encouraging results demonstrated in this work suggest that both raw and graphite concentrates after flotation could be used respectively for stationary and embedded applications. This strategy would help in developing local electrical storage systems with a significantly low environmental footprint.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제32권12호
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• pp.545-552
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• 2022

Tin-antimony sulfide nanocomposites were prepared via hydrothermal synthesis and a N₂ reduction process for use as a negative electrode in a sodium ion battery. The electrochemical energy storage performance of the battery was analyzed according to the tin-antimony composition. The optimized sulfides exhibited superior charge/discharge capacity (770 mAh g^-1 at a current density of 100 mA g^-1) and stable lifespan characteristics (71.2 % after 200 cycles at a current density of 500 mA g^-1). It exhibited a reversible characteristic, continuously participating in the charge-discharge process. The improved electrochemical energy storage performance and cycle stability was attributed to the small particle size, by controlling the composition of the tin-antimony sulfide. By optimizing the tin-antimony ratio during the synthesis process, it did not deviate from the solubility limit. Graphene oxide also acts to suppress volume expansion during reversible electrochemical reaction. Based on these results, tin-antimony sulfide is considered a promising anode material for a sodium ion battery used as a medium-to-large energy storage source.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2023

Interest in the future of the battery market is growing as Tesla announces plans to increase production of electric vehicles and to produce batteries. Tesla announced an action plan to reduce battery prices by 56% through 'Battery Day', which included expansion of factories to internalize batteries and improvement of materials and production technology. In the trend of automobile electrification, the expansion of the battery market, which accounts for 40% of the cost of electric vehicles, is inevitable, and the size of the electric vehicle battery market in 2026 is expected to increase more than five times compared to 2016. With the development of materials and process technology, the energy density of electric vehicle batteries is increasing while the price is decreasing. Soon, electric vehicles and internal combustion locomotives are expected to compete on the same line. Recently, the mileage of electric vehicles is approaching that of an internal combustion locomotive due to the installation of high-capacity batteries. In the EV battery market, Korean, Chinese and Japanese companies are fiercely competing. Based on market share in the first half of 2020, LG Chem, CATL, and Panasonic are leading the EV battery supply, and the top 10 companies included 3 Korean companies, 5 Chinese companies, and 2 Japanese companies. All-solid, lithium-sulfur, sodium-ion, and lithium air batteries are being discussed as the next-generation batteries after lithium-ion, among which all-solid-state batteries are the most active. All-solid-state batteries can dramatically improve stability and charging speed by using a solid electrolyte, and are excellent in terms of technology readiness level (TRL) among various technology alternatives. In order to increase the competitiveness of the battery industry in the future, efforts to increase the productivity and economy of electric vehicle batteries are also required along with the development of next-generation battery technology.

• 청정기술
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.178-184
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• 2023

전이금속 칼코젠화물은 소듐 이차전지의 음극재로서 높은 이론 용량을 가지나 충·방전 과정에서 큰 부피 팽창으로 인해 짧은 수명 특성을 보이며, 낮은 전기전도도로 인해 출력 특성을 저하시킨다는 문제가 있다. 이를 해결하기 위해, 본 연구에서는 분무열분해와 후 열처리 공정을 통해 다공성의 CNT ball과 (Ni,Co)Se₂ 나노결정이 복합된 구조체를 합성하였으며, 이를 소듐 이차전지의 음극에 적용시켜 전기화학적 특성을 평가하였다. 합성된 소재는 분무열분해 동안 Polystyrene(PS) 나노비드의 분해로 인해 다공성 구조를 형성하여 충방전 과정에서 발생하는 부피팽창을 효과적으로 수용하였으며, CNT 소재와의 복합화를 통해 전기화학적 성능을 향상시킬 수 있었다. 이로 인해 다공성 구조의 (Ni,Co)Se₂-CNT 복합소재는 0.2 A g^-1의 전류밀도에서 698 mA h g^-1의 높은 초기 방전용량을 보였으며, 100 사이클 후 400 mA h g^-1의 방전용량을 유지함을 보였다.

• 전자통신동향분석
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.128-136
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• 2023

Lithium accounts for only 0.0017% of the earth crust, and it is produced in geographically limited regions such as South America, the United States, and China. Since the first half of 2017, the price of lithium has been continuously increasing, and with the rapid adoption of electric vehicles, lithium resources are expected to be depleted in the near future. In addition, economic blocs worldwide face intensifying scenarios such as competition for technological supremacy and protectionism of domestic industries. Consequently, Korea is deepening its dependence on China for core materials and is vulnerable to the influence of the United States Inflation Reduction Act. We analyze post-lithium secondary battery technologies that rely on more earth-abundant elements to replace lithium, whose production is limited to specific regions. Specifically, we focus on the technological status and issues of sodium-ion, zinc-air, and redox-flow batteries. In addition, research trends in post-lithium secondary batteries are examined. Post-lithium secondary batteries seem promising for large-capacity energy storage systems while reducing the costs of raw materials compared with existing lithium-based technologies.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.177-180
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• 2012

In this study, we prepared $LiFePO_4$- poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) composite by the hydrothermal method and ball-milling process. Different wt% PSS were added to $LiFePO_4$. The cathode electrodes were made from mixtures of $LiFePO_4$-PSS: SP-270: PVDF in a weighting ratio of 70%: 25%: 5%. $LiFePO_4$-PSS powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical properties of $LiFePO_4$-PSS/Li batteries were analyzed by cyclic voltammetry, charge/discharge tests, and AC impedance spectroscopy. A Li/$LiFePO_4$-PSS battery with 4.75 wt% PSS shows the best electrochemical properties, with a discharge capacity of 128 mAh/g.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.182-188
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• 2012

In this study, fine cathode materials $Ni_3S_2$ and $NiS_2$ were synthesized using the simple, convenient process of mechanical alloying (MA). In order to improve the cell properties, wet milling processes were conducted using low-energy ball milling to decrease the mean particle size of both materials. The cells of Na/$Ni_3S_2$ and Na/$NiS_2$ show a high initial discharge capacity of 425 mAh/g and 577 mAh/g respectively using wet milled powder particles, which is much larger than commercial ones, providing some potential as new cathode materials for rechargeable sodium-ion batteries.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.70-74
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• 2017

건식 진동밀과 습식 볼밀로 출발원료를 혼합/분쇄하여 나트륨이온전지용 양극활물질인 $Na_{2/3}(Ni_{1/3}Mn_{2/3})O_2$를 합성하여 특성을 비교하였다. 건식 진동밀로 혼합/분쇄한 분말은 습식 볼밀한 분말보다 더 미세한 $1{\mu}m$ 이하의 입자였으며, $875{\sim}900^{\circ}C$에서 열처리 하였을 때 단일상을 얻을 수 있었다. 또한 전지 특성도 건식 진동밀을 사용한 분말이 습식 공정으로 합성한 분말보다 방전용량이 크고 방전 전위도 높게 나왔다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제43권9호
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• pp.588-593
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• 2006

Spinel phase $LiMn_2O_4$ is of great interest as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. In this study, SHS (Self propagating High-temperature Synthesis) method to synthesize spinel $LiMn_2O_4$ directly from lithium nitrate, manganese oxide, manganese and sodium chloride were investigated. The influence of Li/Mn ratio, the heat-treated condition of product have been explored. The resultant $LiMn_2O_4$ synthesized under the optimum synthesis conditions shows perfect spinel structure, uniform particle size and excellent electrochemical performances.