• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.367-372
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• 2012

Antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic activities of fermented red ginseng added with 5 kinds of medicinal herbs (FRGM) were investigated in vitro. Total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents in FRGM extracts were $22.41{\pm}3.51$ and $16.80{\pm}4.22{\mu}g/mg$, respectively. FRGM extracts were capable of directly scavenging DPPH free radicals ($RC_{50}=95.57{\pm}7.40{\mu}g/mL$), and then showed higher inhibitory activities for ${\alpha}$-glucosidase. This study was also conducted to evaluate the effects of FRGM extracts in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic (DM) rats. The activities with regards to serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were significantly decreased by FRGM extracts compared to those from the STZ group. The hepatic glutathione content depleted by STZ was significantly increased by FRGM extracts, but elevation of lipid peroxide content induced by STZ was significantly decreased by FRGM extracts. The decreased activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase after STZ-treatment were increased through the treatment of FRGM extracts. These results indicated that fermented red ginseng added with medicinal herbs can protect against STZ-induced diabetic rats through its antioxidant properties.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.191-195
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• 2009

We assessed the effect of surimi gel, which is prepared from the king oyster mushroom (pleurotus eryngii) and cuttlefish meat paste (KCP) on lipid metabolism and antioxidant activity in high-cholesterol-fed rats. Three groups of 3-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed on a diet containing 1 g cholesterol/kg for 6 weeks. We administered only a high-cholesterol diet to the control group, one group was fed on surimi gel containing cuttlefish paste and king oyster mushrooms, and another group was fed with general boiled fish meat paste (GFP), which is commonly sold in marketplaces. Plasma and hepatic lipid profiles were measured, and the antioxidant status of the liver was assessed. The plasma triglyceride concentration did not differ significantly among the groups. Supplementation with KCP resulted in lower plasma and hepatic cholesterol concentrations and atherogenic index as compared to the control group and GFP, whereas the plasma high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentration was elevated. Moreover, the KCP-supplemented animals evidenced greater bile acid excretion. The KCP groups evidenced significantly lower plasma and hepatic levels of thiobarbituric acidreactive substances as compared to the control group. Besides, hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities, including catalase and superoxide dismutase, were significantly higher in the KCP group. In conclusion, KCP was quite effective in improving the lipid metabolism and reducing oxidative stress by upregulating the hepatic antioxidant enzymes in high-cholesterol-fed rats.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of soy protein hydrolyzate on lipid metabolism and antioxidant activity in the rat. Thirty-eight male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain were divided into five groups: casein, isolated soy protein (ISP), seoritae protein hydrolyzate (SH), soluble soy protein hydrolyzate (SS), and insoluble soy protein hydrolyzate (IS). The control diet (casein group) contained 20% casein protein and experimental diet contained 10% casein and 10% isolated soy-protein or soy-protein hydrolyzate. Fecal lipid content was increased and lipid apparent absorption rate was decreased significantly by the ISP group at the first week of experimental period. Blood triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and atherogenic index (AI) were decreased by soy protein hydrolyzate groups than casein group. Liver total lipid, triglyceride and cholesterol were not different among groups, but showed decreasing tendencies in soyprotein hydrolyzate groups. The lipid lowering effect was prominent in the IS group among soy protein hydrolyzate groups. Total antioxidant activity showed increasing tendency in the seoritae hydrolyzate group. Liver superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase activities also showed higher tendencies in the seoritae hydrolyzate group than other groups. In conclusion, insoluble soyprotein hydrolyzate was more effective in lowering body lipids and seoritae hydrolyzate had higher antioxidant capacity among soy protein hydrolyzates.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.263-273
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• 2020

In this study, in order to confirm the ameliorative effects of onion (Allium cepa L.) flesh and peel on amyloidbeta (Aβ)-induced cognitive dysfunction, we evaluated their in vitro neuroprotection and in vivo cognitive functions. As the result of in vitro neuroprotection, the protective effect of the ethyl acetate fraction of onion flesh (EOF) on Aβ-induced cytotoxicity was similar to that of the ethyl acetate fraction of onion peel (EOP). In the behavioral tests, the EOF and EOP effectively improved the Aβ-induced learning and memory impairments. For this reason, it could be concluded that the EOF and EOP improved the antioxidant activities (superoxide dismutase, oxidized glutathione/total glutathione, and malondialdehyde) in brain tissue. In addition, the EOF and EOP effectively activated mitochondrial functions by protecting the mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP, mitochondria-mediated protein (BAX and cytochrome c), and caspase 3/7 activities. The EOF and EOP also improved the cholinergic system (acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholine). Therefore, we suggest that onion could be used for management of Aβ-induced cognitive dysfunction.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.547-554
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• 2018

Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.), also called linseed and one of the raw materials for making linen, is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, vegetable estrogen, ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid, and dietary fiber. Studies on flaxseed have reported various additional effects, such as the inhibition of cholesterol, blood clotting, and tumor growth. In this study, we investigated the functional components of flaxseed fermented with lactic-acid bacteria. Lactic-acid bacteria was inoculated into heat-treated (roasted) flaxseed and fermented at $37^{\circ}C$ for 72 hr. The fermented flaxseed was extracted with 70% ethanol and the antioxidant effect of the fermented extracts according to the lactic-acid bacteria was analyzed. It was confirmed that the total polyphenol contents had expanded by about 1.5-8 times, and the total flavonoid contents had increased around 1.2 times in the case of fermented flaxseed with lactic-acid bacteria compared to non-fermented flaxseed (NFFS). DPPH radical scavenging and superoxide dismutase-like activities had increased around 5.6 and 2.3 times, respectively, in the fermented flaxseed compared to the NFFS at 100 ppm concentration. The study concluded that fermentation of flaxseed with lactic-acid bacteria is possible and that it is effective to increase the antioxidant effects of flaxseed. These results can be applied to the development of improved foods and cosmetic materials.

• Proceedings of the KGS Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.49-53
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• 2002

국토의 효율적 이용과 여가공간의 개발에 있어서 산악지형의 개발 잠재력은 무궁무진하다고 볼 수 있다. 그간에 산악지형의 개발은 관광자원으로서의 활용이라는 견지에서 무분별한 개발과 자연환경 훼손을 방치해왔던 것이 사실이다. 산악지형의 관광자원 활용은 그 범위에 있어서나 방법에 있어서 매우 다양한 방식을 채택할 수 있다. 한국의 산이 보유하고 있는 자연경관과 문화유적이 접목된 명산사찰을 활용한 문화관광, 자연자원의 보존과 경제 개발, 도시민의 위락 여가공간 제공이라는 세 가지 목적을 동시에 충족시킬 수 있는 산악형 자연공원, 동계스포츠 활동을 위한 스키리조트의 개발과 이용, 마지막으로 산악지형의 경제 발전을 위한 대체산업 육성이라는 취지 하에 등장한 산지 카지노리조트 등 사회, 문화, 경제, 보건, 오락 등 산지는 그 효용성을 날로 더해가고 있다. 산은 더 이상 인간과 격리된 공간이 아니라, 인간의 생활 공간이자 휴식공간이며, 다양한 여가행위를 위한 공간이다. 유럽 등 구미 관광 선진국에서는 이미 산악지형 고유의 경제적, 사회적 중요성에 입각하여 공간의 효율적인 정비를 통해 합목적적이고 친환경적인 산악형 리조트 건설을 통해 지속적인 개발을 추진하고 있으며, 개발에 일부제약이 뒤따르기는 하지만, 관광개발을 위해서 환경보존을 필수적인 조건으로 인식하고 있다. 다시 말하면 관광개발과 환경보존은 불가분의 관계에 놓여있다는 것이다. 따라서 산이 우리에게 가져다주는 이로운 점을 생각할 때 인간의 지나친 개발욕구와 몰지각한 자원활용을 위한 관점에서 산을 보아서는 아니될 것이다. 산을 개발하고 정비하여 관광자원으로 활용할 때보다 친환경적인 시각으로 접근해야 하며, 우리의 산이 우리에게 돌려줄 것을 생각하기 보다 우리가 산에게 해주어야 할 것이 무엇인지를 먼저 생각한다면, 산은 우리에게 경제적 이득과 함께 우리의 여가생활을 위한 최적공간으로 다가설 것이다(요약 및 결론에서 발췌)는pocyanidin C-1-3'-3" -3.'S _0-trigallate는 100rM에서 70%의 강한 저해효과를 나타냈으며,epigallocatechin-(4$\beta$$\longrightarrow$8)-epigallo-catechin-(4$\beta$$\longrightarrow$8)-catechin는 51%의 저해효과를 나타내었다. 산업적응용을 위해 분획한 폴리페놀군은 미백효과 검증실험인 tyrosinase 저해율 측정평가에서 폴리페놀 함량이 가장 높은 Fraction 111의 경우 Sooppm에서 74.2%의 높은 저해율을 나타내었다. 항산화력 실험에서는500pw1이상에서 강한 활성능을 보인 SOD 유사활성능을 제외한 나머지 DPPH와 xanthine oxidase 저해효과에서는 Fraction II와III 모두가50ppm이상에서 80% 이상의 높은 유리라디칼 소거능력을 나타내었다. 그리고 각 Fraction별 항균력 측정 결과 Fraction 르와 111이 우수하게 나타났고 항균활성은 그람음성균보다 그람양성균에서 효과적이었으며, 농도별 항균력시험 결과 농도가 증가할수록 비례하여 저해율도 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 첨가농도를 달리하여 미생물의 생육도를 측정한 결과, fraction II磎꼭\ulcorner경우 그람양성균에 대해 500 ppm 이상에서 뚜렷한 증식억제효과를 나타내었다.서 뚜렷한 증식억제효과를 나타내었다.min/+}$계 수컷 이형접합체 형질전환 마우스에 AIN-76A 정제사료만을 투여한 대조군은 1.40$\pm$0.24(100%)에 비하여 I3C 저농도 투여 실험군(Group 1; 0.85$\pm$0.23; 61%, P<0.01), 그리고 I3C 고농도 투여 실험군(Group 2 ; 1.32$\pm$0.2

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.58-71
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• 2008

1. Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate the anti-aging effect of oral administration with Nocyongdaebo-tang (NYD) decoction in aged rats. 2. Methods The SD rats used in this experiment were 6, 18 and 36 weeks old. A part of the 36weeks was grown to 52 and 68 weeks at labarotary. Each age group was again divided into three groups. These 15 groups consisted of 6 rats each. One group was given no treatment, another group was dosed 200 ${\mu}l$ of normal saline daily, and the last group was dosed 200 ${\mu}l$ of 1% Nocyongdaebo-tang(NYD) and saline mixture. At the conclusion of the experiment, the age groups were relabelled accordingly(10w, 22w, 40w, 52w and 68w). After 4 weeks, the tissue of liver, heart, spleen, lung, kidney and brain was biopsied in order to measure the SOD, GSH, MDA. 3. Results and Conclusions (1) The levels of GSH in the liver were significantly increased in the w-NYD(n=40) and w-NYD(n=68) groups compared with those of the normal groups. The activity of catalase in the liver was also much higher in the w-NYD (n=68) group compared with that of the saline groups. However, the levels of MDA in the liver were significantly decreased in the w-NYD(n=68) group compared with those of the normal and saline groups. (2) The levels of GSH in the spleen were significantly increased in the w-NYD(n=52) and w-NYD(n=68) groups compared with those of the normal and saline groups. (3) The levels of GSH in the lung were significantly increased in the w-NYD(n=40) and w-NYD(n=52) groups compared with those of the normal groups. (4) The levels of GSH in the kidney were higher in the w-NYD(n=40) compared with those of the normal groups and those were also higher in the w-NYD(n=52) groups compared with those of the saline groups, respectively. (5) The levels of GSH in the brain were higher in the w-NYD(n=40) compared with those of the normal groups and those were also higher in the w-NYD(n=52) groups compared with those of the normal and saline groups. (6) Degenerative changes of the brain were decreased in the w-NYD(n=68) group compared with those of the normal and saline groups. These results suggest that oral administration of Nocyongdaebo-tang decoction might have an important role to prevent age-related changes of various organs in aged rats.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.22-30
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• 2006

Phenolic acids of white ginseng were extracted and fractionated into free, esterified, and insoluble-bound forms. The contents of individual phenolic acids in different forms were quantified by gas liquid chromatography. Nine different phenolic acids as free, esterified, and insoluble-bound forms were identified in white ginseng. Total phenolic compounds in different forms of extracts was 0.309% (free form), 0.230% (esterified form) and 0.138% (insoluble-bound form), respectively. Total phenolic acid contents in free, esterified and insoluble-bound form were 889.3, 356.8, 1,176.9 mg/100g fraction, respectively. Ferulic acid was the predominant phenolic acid, representing 63.7% and 50.9% of total phenolic acids in esterified fom and insoluble-bound form, respectively. While caffeic acid was only detected in esterified form. At 10 mg/ml insoluble-bound form quenched 95.9% ABTS free radicals generated from 2,2-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH). Also, electron donating ability and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity of insoluble-bound fom were higher than other fraction. All phenolic acid fractions scavenged over 80% of hydroxyl radical at 10 mg/ml.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.30-39
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidative activity and cytotoxicity of fermented Allium victorialis extract. The results were as follows; The total polyphenol content of A. victorialis extract was 2.63 mg/g, and that of fermented A. victorialis extract was 1.65 mg/g which decreased a little by fermentation. The total flavonoid content of A. victorialis extract was 57.77 mg/g, and that of fermented A. victorialis extract was 62.27 mg/g, and this could increase a little from fermentation. Electron donating ability of A. victorialis extract was lower than vitamin C(97.71%), but before fermentation it was 82.29% and after fermentation it became 82.40%. Nitrite scavenging ability of A. victorialis extract before and after fermentation showed lower numerical value than that of butylated hydroxytoluene(BHT) at pH 2.5 but that of A. victorialis extract expressed higher than that of BHT. Superoxide dismutase-like activity showed relatively low level, 15%. Nitrite production increased by A. victorialis extract but was inhibited after fermentation. Methyl diamphetamine (MDA) content was inhibited with increased concentration of A. victorialis extract compared with $H_2O_2$ treatment but there was not any difference before and after fermentation. Therefore, production of lipid peroxide(LPO) was inhibited by A. victorialis extract. Cell viability of fibroblast cell was tend to slightly decrease with increased concentration of A. victorialis extract, but not different with control.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.386-396
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• 2005

The effects of spirulina-added salad dressing on lipid profiles and antioxidant biomarkers such as total glutathionine, TBARS value, carbonyl value, GPx, GR, SOD and paraoxonase activity in plasma or liver of mice were evaluated Sixteen male ICR mice weighing 20$\pm$2 g were divided into two groups and fed low fat ($5\%$ fat) diet (low fat control: LFC) and low fat control plus dressing diet (LFD) for eight weeks. Body weight, tissue weights of liver, heart and kidney, and the distribution of body fat deposition were not significantly different between two groups. Also, the profile of TG, TC, LDL and HDL cholesterol were similar between two groups. The DNA damage was determined using the comet assay (single cell gel assay) with alkaline electrophoresis and quantified by measuring tail length (TL). Spirulina salad dressing consumption resulted in significant decrease in lymphocyte DNA damage expressed by TL (LFC: $28.8{\mu}m$, LFD: $20.3{\mu}m$). Additionally, salad dressing consumption for 8 wks decreased the lipid peroxidation assayed by TBARS to $12.6\%$ compared with the control. The levels of antioxidant vitamins such as $\beta$-carotene were significantly higher in plasma of LFD group than those in LFC group based on HPLC method This study shows that spirulina-added salad dressing exerts degenerative disease-protective effects on oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation possibly via a free radical levels.