• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.50 no.12
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• pp.815-825
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• 2017

Groundwater management vulnerability was assessed using TOPSIS (Techniques for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution) for 21 administrative districts in Nakdong river basin. Ten indicators were selected for 21 administrative districts in the Nakdong river basin by collecting natural, human, and social data sets. The selected indicators were standardized using rescale method, and each indicator was weighted by considering the questionnaire of expert group. The results of the weights determination survey showed that the annual average groundwater level index was 0.157 and this is the highest value. The annual average precipitation index was 0.154 and the annual groundwater recharge index was 0.152. The lowest weighted index was 0.043 for population density. Finally, the result of assessment of groundwater management vulnerability showed that Sangju-si was the most vulnerable to groundwater management among 21 administrative districts in Nakdong river basin because the annual average precipitation, annual average groundwater recharge, and annual average groundwater use indicators were highly vulnerable. The second and the third vulnerable regions were Yecheon-gun and Haman-gun respectively. The assessment of groundwater management vulnerability for the five major river basins in Korea can be a essential basis for the establishment of groundwater management policy.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.105-111
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• 2015

Purpose - Many global companies across industries are paying significant attention to co-creation activities, which enable consumers to participate in firms' value creation process, as a main model of new product development processes. In this study, we aim to examine different types of co-creation activities and their effects on consumer attitudes. We focus on upstream co-creation, downstream co-creation, autonomous co-creation, and sponsored co-creation. Upstream co-creation includes firms' control and management in the initial stage of new product development and prototype testing. Downstream co-creation indicates that consumers participate in firms-initiative activities at a later stage in new product development, such as public relations and marketing communications. Autonomous co-creation includes consumers' commitment activities in the absence of firms' rewards. However, under the sponsored co-creation, consumers can return monetary and social rewards from firms through their co-creation activities. The hypotheses regarding the effect of co-creation on consumer attitudes are as follows. (H1, H2, H3, H4) Upstream, downward, autonomous, and sponsored co-creation has positive effects on consumer attitude. (H5, H6) As intrinsic motivation increases, the positive effect of upstream and autonomous co-creation increases. (H7, H8) As extrinsic motivation increases, the positive effect of downward and sponsored co-creation increases. Research design, data, and methodology - To achieve our research goals, we analyzed responses from 246 samples from Korean consumers and verified the proposed hypotheses using a linear regression model. The samples include Korean consumers who experienced upstream, downstream, autonomous, and sponsored co-creation by firms. Results - First, both upstream co-creation and downstream co-creation with firms and consumers are found to have positive effects on consumer attitudes. Second, autonomous co-creation and sponsored co-creation are found to positively affect consumer attitudes. Third, consumers' intrinsic motivation has a fit-effect between upstream co-creation and autonomous co-creation, and their extrinsic motivation has a fit-effect between downstream co-creation and sponsored co-creation. Consumers who have strong intrinsic motivation are affected by upstream co-creation and autonomous co-creation. However, consumers who have strong extrinsic motivation are affected by downstream co-creation and sponsored co-creation. Conclusion - These results indicate that the fit between consumers' co-creation participation types and consumers'motivations is a significant factor in determining consumer attitudes. The results of this study imply that various types of consumer participation actually improve consumers' attitudes toward products and brands. In addition, our study also suggests that firms should consider the fit between co-creation types and consumers' motivations when they initiate co-creation activities. In this study, we survey consumers who participated in firms' co-creation activities. Future studies can compare different types of consumers. For instance, we can examine the different in different test by comparing experienced versus inexperienced consumers. Finally, we expand this research to user-generated content topics. This attending issue focuses on the mechanism that breaks down the boundaries and barriers between consumers and producers.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.9 no.11
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• pp.67-76
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• 2018

Purpose - Electrical energy saving is one of the practical virtues relating to sustainable living. Therefore, policy-makers has tried to find a way to change the behaviors of individuals to encourage them to actively practice electrical energy saving, even if they have never had this concern or have only passively practiced electrical energy saving to this point. Prior research related to electrical energy saving can be categorized into several types. The first is focused on consumer characteristics linked to electrical energy saving. These studies are based on individual or household socio-demographic variables (e.g., age, gender, household income, education level, occupants, marital status, number of households), and psycho-graphics (e.g., environmental consciousness, value, attitude, motivation, lifestyle). The second is focused on policies (e.g., monetary incentives, information sharing, social comparison, feedback), and technologies (e.g., energy-efficiency home appliances, energy-reduced products, renewable resources). People generally have a favorable attitude towards electrical energy saving, while electrical energy saving practices tend to be less favorable. Therefore, it is necessary for policy-makers to seek out gaps between attitudes and behaviors and find alternatives to reduce these gaps. This study investigates the influence of authenticity on the behavioral intention of electrical energy saving. It is supposed that electrical energy saving practices are likely to be stronger as authenticity of individual or household becomes stronger. This study reviews prior literature and examines various studies to provide an understanding of the relationships between authenticity and electrical energy saving behavioral intention. Research design, data, and methodology - Hypothesis was drawn from analysis based on previous research. The items related to authenticity and electrical energy saving were selected from items found in previous research. To verify this hypothesis, data were collected via experimental survey method and the resulting data were analyzed using reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and hierarchical regression analysis. Results - This study found that authenticity had a positive impact on the behavioral intention of electrical energy saving. The higher the perceived degree of authenticity, the higher the behavioral intention of electrical energy saving. Conclusions - This study assesses the impact of authenticity on the behavioral intention of electrical energy saving. In order to enhance the practice of electrical energy saving, it is efficient strategy for policy-maker to improve the perceived authenticity of individuals.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.21-44
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• 2009

This study aims to understand the conditions for using logistics outsourcing of Korean enterprises, present existing problems, examine factors affecting utility, and analyze the pattern of logistics outsourcing based on contract term, and to ultimately contribute to enhancing competitiveness of logistics enterprises. Through the literature survey 8 factors were identified as three broad factors of corporate strategy, corporate characteristics, and environment. Factor analysis was conducted on the bases of 155 collected data among 400 distributions for 2 months from April to May in 2008. From the result of analysis, the implication and finding can be summarized into three aspects. Firstly, Korean companies value factors relative to corporate strategies as motivating factors for logistics outsourcing. Secondly, Korean companies consider logistics outsourcing depending on how to handle customers' demands and the severity of competition. Thirdly, it was found that product and organization characteristics are perceived as more important when contract term with logistics business is longer. The implications can be observed into two aspects. Firstly once the logistics outsourcing between manufacturers and logistics companies are determined, it was verified that mutual agreement, particular contracts and periodic communications can increase the outcome. Secondly the logistics outsourcing appeared to be different depending on the level of entering to foreign market and resulted in higher performance as well.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.1
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• pp.137-146
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• 2014

We have developed the Forest Carbon Sink Index on afforestation and reforestation activities, a regulation stated in article 26 of the 'Law on the maintenance and enhancement of carbon sink (Carbon Sink Law)', which took effect on March, 2013. According to the legal purpose to evaluate the performance of individual forest carbon offset projects and to compare each other at a certain point, values of the forest carbon sink index were calculated by the scoring method. Three criteria were established based on the Carbon Sink Law: 'Carbon' (real greenhouse gas reduction), 'Human' (socio-economic effect) and 'Nature' (environmental effect). Continuously, 9 indicators from the three criteria were selected by top-down approach; the adequacy of each criteria and indicators were reviewed through on-line Delphi survey; and finally weighted value of each criteria and indicators were assigned. To reflect the characteristics of the domestic forest carbon offset projects, which focus on corporate social responsibility-typed projects, we applied the score weighting method to minimize gaps among criteria and ones among indicators. After applying our newly developed forest carbon sink index to five domestic forest carbon offset projects, we could confirm that the criteria of 'Human' and 'Nature', which criteria are in relatively low weight, can play a role as an actual incentive to reduce negative socio-economic and environmental impacts. Based on performance evaluation of the five forest carbon offset project by the forest carbon sink index, the best or good performance project developers could be rewarded, and further the performance evaluation would work as an incentive to stimulate the involvement of domestic project developers in the field of forest carbon offset project.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.81-98
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• 1997

This treatise made a general survey of the welfare policy in our country, and examined the present condition of welfare facilities and distributional trait in Taegu, setting the limits of welfare to welfare facilities. As the result, I could get conclusion like this. First, the present condition of welfare facilities in Taegu exceeds the national average value. Second, the distribution of housing facilities generally corresponds with the distributional area of low-income class and has an unbalanced distributional trait. Third, public facilities are distributed in periphery of the city and we can see they are regarded as loathsome facilities. Lastly, most of the welfare facilities except welfare house are small-scale and worn-out and also petty because they are run by individuals. With basis on this result of the research. I want to make these suggestions. That is, the improvement in quality than in quantity must be made. In addition, until now welfare facilities have restricted users, but from now on they must be converted to public services for most of a nation. To realize those things, welfare facilities must be located in the site where traffic is convenient and medical facilities are neighboring. In conclusion, the socialization of welfare facilities must be carried out.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.917-928
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to survey and compare of the science gifted and the mathematics gifted students at elementary school's 171 students who live in the Seoul city, using Attitude Assessment Tool and Learning Motivation in Science. The analytical results of the collected data are presented as follow; Firstly, there was no difference between science gifted and mathematics gifted in the attitude, value, social meaning, and attitude toward science subject and learners mostly have a positive attitude toward science but, there was difference in the preference of the science gifted and mathematics gifted. Science gifted's preference toward science subject is higher than mathematics gifted students. Secondly, there was no difference in the attention, self-efficacy, and contentment in learning motivation in the science but, there was difference between science gifted and mathematics gifted in the relevance.

• Korean Journal of Comparative Education
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.291-307
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• 2018

As the value of lifelong learning becomes important, states are making efforts to build a system of lifelong learning. According to this tendency, this paper intends to compare the participation rate of lifelong learning, learning outcomes, learning support infrastructure, support of learning expenses, and recognition of lifelong learning. For the comparative pedagogical approach, Bray and Thomas' cubes such as geographical / regional level, non - geographical demographic statistics, social and educational aspects were utilized. The participation rate of lifelong learning in Korea is 34.4% in 2017, which is lower than the OECD average of 46%. The competency scores of Korean adults were lower than the OECD national averages of the PIAAC survey which measured adult competence, language ability, numeracy, and computer-based problem solving ability. In order to recognize prior learning, EU countries have developed EQFs to evaluate all non-formal and informal learning outcomes, while Korea recognizes qualification as a credit banking credit under the academic credit banking system. International comparisons of lifelong learning can be used as an important tool for diagnosing the actual conditions of lifelong learning in a country and establishing future lifelong learning policies. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain that the comparative pedagogical approach of lifelong learning differs according to the historical context, socioeconomic characteristics, and population dynamics, including the formation process and characteristics of modern countries.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.65-74
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• 2021

Since 2020, the GuangXi government of China has focused on the deep integration of tea industry with leisure and cultural tourism, popular science education, health care and elderly care industries. Among the output value targets of the tertiary industry, the GuangXi government plans to achieve 25 billion yuan, and the tea industry is developing rapidly. Through questionnaire survey, field research and interview, this paper studies the differences of demand behavior and selection attributes of tea products among consumers in different years, and finally studies the evolution pattern of service mode of tea industry in GuangXi. The results show that there are obvious differences in life and work style, shopping habits, service design, user experience, social needs and personality needs of each generation consumers in different years. Based on the analysis of demand and behavior habits of tea products, the evolution pattern of service mode of tea industry in GuangXi is studied. Based on the above results, according to the differences of consumers' choice of tea products in different years, the service mode of tea industry in GuangXi is improved The development of tea industry in service design, user experience level is worthy of in-depth attention.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.55-63
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• 2021

Interest in smart parks has been increasing due to the recent rapid rise of smart cities, but concerns are growing over the development of technology-oriented smart parks. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relative importance of park services through Focus Group Interviews and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to develop user-oriented smart parks in the future. To this end, literature on park functions and services was reviewed, and interviews with experts in the field of landscape architecture and IT were conducted to derive service items. The AHP model consisted of four values, and 15 park services were established and used to survey 38 landscape experts. As a result, services for improving the park's essential functions, such as contact with nature, relaxation, and exercise-walking, were deemed important. Services related to the environment and safety in response to climate change, such as the amelioration of pollution and heatwaves were also high. The importance of social integration services was relatively low, but it was considered an important service to when enhancing community participation. Future smart parks should enhance the health benefits of contact with nature rather than implementing excessive artificial facilities and technology. Additionally, smart technology will need to be applied based on users' needs while reflecting local characteristics. Efforts should be made to enhance user intimacy and improve the understanding of smart parks by strengthening public relations education.