• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.72-79
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• 1976

Contemper nursing literature place much importance on human- centered and individualized care. Nursing research has related stress during hospitalization of adolescent patients to adaptation to a new environment, isolation from friends, limitation due to illness, over protection of parents and communication with member of the medical team. The investigator conducted this study in the hope that an understanding of adolescents responses to hospitalization, their perceptions, the kinds and levels of stress, and the relationships between stressors and individual characteristics would contribute to the improvement of adolescent patient care. The objective of the study was to obtain informations related to the adolescents psychological stress experience during hospitalization, specifically stress from interpersonal relationships and communication, isolation from the family, social or economic problems, illness and from the treatment environment and nursing care. An interview schedule adopted from Holmes and Rahe's Social Readjustment Rating Scale and selected items from Voicer's instrument on stress-producing events was used with 120 adolescent inpatients aged 13 to 18 years three general hospitals in Seoul during Aug. 10, to Sep. 30, 1975. 1. The sample consisted of 66 male and 54 female patients. Sixty-six percent were late adolescents, aged 16 to 18 years: 4% were early adolescents, aged 13 to 15 years. The primary cause for hospitalization was for orthopedic problems (35.8%). More than half of these (54.4%) were due to injury or accident. 2. Stress eclated to illness revealed the highest score (4.97), followed by stress related to treatment environment and nursing care (4.34) , isolation from family and social or economic problems (4.01) and interpersonal relationships and communication (3.96). 3. The perceived indifference of doctors and nurses was a serious cause of stress (mean=4.83). Fellow patients and visitors caused least stress (mean=2.06). 4. Discontinuation of education or unemployment were major stressful events (mean=4.71). Least stressful was isolation from the family (mean=3.47). 5. More than 94% of the respondents expressed fears related to body image (mean=4.97) 6. Within the category of treatment environment and nursing care, items related to restrictions because of treatment, discomfort because of treatment, inadequate explanation from nurses about procedures were rated as severe stress events (mean=4.6). Items related to the ward environment and to having a relative stay with them were seen by the group as less serious events (mean=3.7). 7. Stress related to interpersonal relationships and communication was correlated positively with female patients and those preferring passive activities. (P〈0.05) 8. Stress related to family problems was positively related to female and early adolescent patients (P< 0.05). Stress related to social problems was positively , elated to students and those preferring active pursuits (P< 0.05). 9. There were no correlation between the high stress related to disease and any of the characteristic items. (P> 0.05) 10. Stress related to treatment environment and nursing care was positively related of early adolescent and female and student patients. (P< 0.05) This group of hospitalized adolescents reported high level of stress related to treatment environment and nursing care, due to lack of consideration of normal growth and development and individual characteristics. The findings have important implications for the planning of effective, individualized, comprehensive nursing care of adolescents during hospitalization.

• 한국노년학
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.325-345
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is a exploratory study for understanding the process of the social isolation of the socially isolated elderly through the approach to their life history. The research was analyzed by one of the methods of qualitative research on life history, the conceptual framework of 'Dimensions, turning, and adaptation' of Mandelbaum(1973). According to the results of this study, the socially isolated elderly people were found to be socially isolated by experiencing complex difficulties such as family disconnection, poverty, poor job and health deterioration. Specifically, in the area of life, there was experience of poor relationship with parent, absence of family, poverty of family and unfavorable relationship with surrounding people in life with original family before isolation. They had bad jobs in the labor market, such as hard labor, delivery, business, and chores. In the area of turning point, we experienced family break due to the separation of the original family and the spouse due to various reasons such as financial crisis, parental divorce and death, spouse affair, economic difficulty. In a transitional stage in the life, many reasons such as the financial crisis, the death of parents, the extramarital affair and economic difficulties led to the disconnection from their original family and their spouses. In an adaptive phase, participants accepted the changed life at each turning point in their lives, carrying out their roles, compromising and trying to adapt properly. He said that their current life, which has entered the social safety net system of the people's basic recipients, has led him to live a more stable life and is adapting to personal hobbies and vicarious satisfaction through networks. This result is somewhat different from previous studies in which isolated elderly people were severely exposed to the risk of depression and loneliness. However, we should also consider the characteristics of this study that interviewed elderly people with relatively low isolation. Based on the results of this research, he presented various practical policy implications.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.1180-1186
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise preconditioning (EPC) on nerve growth factor (NGF), synapsin I, and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in the hippocampus of rats subjected to social isolation (SI). We randomly assigned four groups of male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (n=32) to the following treatments: GC: group housing control; IC: isolation control; GE: group housing exercise; IE: isolation exercise (n=8 each group). The rats underwent EPC 5 days a week for 8 weeks, and the speed of the treadmill was gradually increased (grade $0^{\circ}C$). After EPC, they were immediately subjected to SI for 8 weeks. The results showed that the protein levels of NGF, synapsin I, and ChAT in the hippocampus were significantly decreased in the IC group (p<0.05) compared with the GC group. However, these protein levels were significantly higher in the IE group (p<0.05). These results show that EPC may buffer the decline of function in the hippocampus by ameliorating the reduction in NGF, synapsin I, and ChAT induced by SI.

• Educational Technology International
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.1-15
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• 2008

One of the challenges that online learners face is feeling of isolation and diminishing desire of maintaining active participation during e-learning. Social presence, that is considered to be a vital factor in e-learning, is recently started to receive a support from the field. Although research indicated a significant role of social presence in both learning process and learning outcome, there is no widely accepted measurement scale of social presence. This study, therefore, developed a new scale to measure social presence based on the existing theories and validated it against 723 participants. Nineteen self-report items with three dimensions, co-presence, influence, and cohesiveness, were identified and validated using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) in a preliminary and a follow-up study.

• English & American cultural studies
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.311-335
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• 2014

Those who are damned in Light in August (1932) include Lena Grove, Joe Christmas as well as Gail Hightower. Through these characters, William Faulkner criticizes the confrontation between the North and the South after Civil War, religious fundamentalism, and racial discrimination which were great social issues in the twentieth century American society. The main characters are commonly isolated from the community through their grandfather's influence instead of father, which lets Americans understand that their faults originated from the beginning of America. Although they tend to approach to the community from their isolation, the damned are refused from the community. However, Faulkner would not lose his hope even on the ground of Christmas's death. By evoking from Hightower and Bunch their responses for good, Lena can draw Hightower into the community, and create her home with Bunch as a final victor. Even in the community being rampant with racial hatred, which most of Americans can not but face with, Faulkner can provide us with a ray of hope through these three characters.

• Educational Technology International
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.175-205
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• 2012

The current study investigated whether SNS such as Twitter can be an assisting tool to compensate the limitations of online learning from social-affective and cognitive perspectives. Such limitations include low level of motivation to participate, feeling of isolation, rare exchanges of ideas and feedback from peers or instructors. This paper reports findings from a research study on the use of Twitter in online learning in Higher Education. Survey and subsequent interviews were conducted to examine students' perceptions about the cognitive and social-affective aspects of their participation in Twitter activities. Some of the challenges and potentials in integrating Twitter into online course are also addressed. It can be concluded that Twitter contributes not only to building close relationships among peers and instructors but also to opening a communication channel that can extend cognitive potentials.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.286-297
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• 2020

This study explores how fear of isolation and willingness to speak out are affected by cultural values. The cross-cultural studies on the spiral of silent theory were conducted mostly in Eastern and Western countries and compared the results. It attributed to the results to the "individualist-collective" attitude difference. However, it did not explain the differences in the same individualism societies as well as in the collectivism societies. Thus, this study examined the impact of cultural values on the spiral of silence theory with 'individualism-collectivism' and 'uncertainty-avoidance'. To that end, the current study conducted online surveys in India, South Korea, the United States and Spain where have different levels of individualism, collectivism, and uncertainty-avoidance. As a result, individualism contributed to lower the fear of isolation, and collectivism and uncertainty avoidance have raised the fear of isolation. Besides, individualism and uncertainty avoidance also reinforce the willingness to speak out, while fear of social isolation has been shown to weaken the willingness to speak out. The study also found that fear of isolation has the mediated effect of individualism and collectivism on the willingness to speak out.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.263-268
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• 2014

The etiology of most psychiatric disorders is still incompletely understood. However, growing evidence suggests that stress is a potent environmental risk factor for depression and anxiety. In rodents, various stress paradigms have been developed, but psychosocial stress paradigms have received more attention than non-social stress paradigms because psychosocial stress is more prevalent in humans. Interestingly, some recent studies suggest that chronic psychosocial stress and social isolation affects mainly anxiety-related behaviors in mice. However, it is unclear whether chronic non-social stress induces both depression- and anxiety-related phenotypes or induces one specific phenotype in mice. In the present study, we examined the behavioral consequences of three chronic non-social stress paradigms: chronic predictable (restraint) stress (CPS), chronic unpredictable stress (CUS), and repeated corticosterone-HBC complex injection (RCI). Each of the three paradigms induced mild to severe depression/despair-like behaviors in mice and resulted in increased immobility in a tail suspension test. However, anxiety-related phenotypes, thigmotaxis and explorative behaviors, were not changed by the three paradigms. These results suggest that depression- and anxiety-related phenotypes can be dissociated in mouse stress models and that social and non-social stressors might affect brain circuits and behaviors differently.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.31-39
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• 2023

Purpose: Over the past two years, most Korean nursing students had to go through distance learning due to the COVID-19 pandemic. During the pandemic, amental health crisis has emerged among nursing students in South Korea. The study aimed to examine the relationships among social contact, depression, loneliness, and suicidal ideation. Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was used to collect data from nursing students. The survey was conducted onlinein South Korea. A total of 184 nursing students were recruited from December 2021 to April 2022. For data analysis,the frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation of the general characteristics of the subjects were calculated using IBM/SPSS Statistics 25.0. To examine the mediating effect of depression and loneliness on the relationship between social contact and suicidal ideation, multiple linear regression was used to analyze associations among social contact, depression, loneliness, and suicidal ideation. Results: The average age was 22.69±5.66 years (range=18~54), and the sex distribution was 155 females among 184 nursing students. Lower social contact among nursing students was significantly associated with higher depression and loneliness. Loneliness significantly mediated the relationship between social contact and suicidal ideation innursing students. Conclusion: The findings suggest that strategies for enhancing social contact and reducing depression and loneliness should be considered to improve suicidal ideation among nursing students.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.63-78
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• 2003

Participants in this study of variables that contribute to child abuse were parents of 1,094 families with children under the age of 18. The instrument, Straus's Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales(1998), consists of 3 subscales : physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect. The degree of child abuse varied by age of child and parents, parents' marital satisfaction, the stress of bringing up children, social support, and family setting. There was a higher tendency to child abuse among alcoholic parents, dissatisfaction with marriage, parental child rearing stress, and isolation from social support. Educational and social welfare suggestions were made for the prevention and treatment of child abuse.