• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2011년도 제41회 하계 정기 학술대회 초록집
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• pp.248-248
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• 2011

ZnO was grown on a Au-catalyzed Si(100) substrate by using a simple vapor phase transport (VPT) with a mixture of zinc oxide and graphite powders. The ZnO grown at 800$^{\circ}C$ had a soccer ball structure with diameters of <500 nm. The ZnO soccer ball structure was, for the first time, observed in this work. The optical properties of the ZnO soccer balls were investigated by photoluminescence (PL). In the room-temperature (RT) PL of the ZnO soccer balls, a strong near-band-edge emission (NBE) and a weak deep-level emission were observed at 3.25 and 2.47 eV (green emission), respectively. The weak deep-level emission (DLE) at around 2.47 eV (green emission) is caused by impurities and structural defects. The FWHM of the NBE peak from the ZnO soccer balls was 110 meV. In addition, the PL intensity ratio of the NBE to DLE was about 4. The temperature-dependent PL was also carried out to investigate the mechanism governing the quenching behavior of the PL spectra.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.369-377
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between different soccer cleat designs and knee joint moments. Twelve physically active males (mean(SD): age: 26.4(6.2)yrs; height: 176.4(4.1)cm; mass: 74.0 (7.4)kg) were recruited Kinematic and force plate data were collected for all subjects during normal running and a $45^{\circ}$ cutting maneuver, called a v-cut. Both motions were performed at $4.0{\pm}0.2\;m/s$ on infilled artificial turf with three pairs of soccer cleats of different sole plate designs, and one pair of neutral running shoes. Inverse dynamics were used to calculate three dimensional knee joint moments, with repeated measures ANOVA and post hoc paired Student's t-test used to determine significance between shoe conditions. Significant differences were found in the extension moments of the knee for running trials, and for external rotation and adduction moments in the v-cutting trials. Knee moments were greater in v-cut than running, and the traditional soccer cleats (Copa Mondial and World Cup) tended to result in greater knee moments than the Nova runner or TRX soccer cleat. Cleat design was found to influence 3-dimensional knee moments in a v-cut maneuver. In the translational traction test, there were significant differences between all conditions. In the rotational traction test, friction with soccer shoes were greater than friction with running shoes. However, no differences were found between soccer shoes. Higher moments may lead to increased loads and stresses on knee joint structures, and thus, greater injury rates.

• 전자공학회논문지CI
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.193-205
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• 2003

지능 제어, 통신, 컴퓨터 및 센서 기술, 영상 처리, 메카트로닉스 등과 같은 다양한 분야에서 로봇 축구 시스템에 대한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 그중 전략 연구는 대부분 공격 전략 연구에 치중하고 있으며, 점차 지능적인 공격 전략을 구현하는 방향으로 흘러가고 있다. 이에 따라 과거의 단순한 수비 전략으로는 완전한 수비가 불가능하게 되었다. 따라서, 지능적인 공격을 효율적으로 수비할 수 있는 수비 전략이 필요하며, 효율적인 수비를 위하여 공격자 로봇의 의도 추출이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는, 퍼지 최대 최소 신경망을 이용한 축구 로봇의 공격 의도 추출기를 설계하였다. 첫째로 축구 로봇 시스템에서의 의도를 정의하고 의도 추출에 대하여 설명한다. 다음으로 설계한 퍼지 최대 최소 신경망을 이용하여 설계한 축구 로봇의 의도 추출기에 대하여 설명한다. 퍼지 최대 최소 신경망은 패턴분류 방법 중의 하나로 온라인 적용, 짧은 학습 시간, 소프트 결정(soft decision) 등의 많은 장점을 갖고 있다. 따라서, 다이나믹한 환경을 가진 축구 로봇 시스템의 의도 추출에 적합하다. 이 의도 추출기는 상대 팀 로봇이 공격시 어떠한 상황에서 어떠한 행동을 할 것인가를 미리 알아내어 수비 시 이용할 수 있도록 하며, 학습을 통하여 의도 추출을 함으로써 상대 팀 경기를 보고 팀의 전략을 파악하는 전략 분석기로도 사용이 가능하다. 자체 제작한 3대3 로봇 축구 시뮬레이터를 이용하여 시뮬레이션을 하였으며, 학습을 함에 따라서 의도 추출률이 증가함을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.319-327
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• 2021

본 연구는 축구팀 주장의 임파워먼트가 역할지각 및 팀 응집력에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 하였다. 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해 부산광역시 및 경상남도 소재 초·중등학교 축구팀 및 축구클럽 주장학생을 대상으로 154명의 자료를 수집 후 SPSS statistic 25.0 프로그램을 이용하여 탐색적 요인분석, Cronbach's α 계수 산출 및 상관관계분석, 조사도구의 신뢰도와 타당도를 검증하였다. 이 후 가설검증을 위한 중다회귀분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 축구팀 주장의 임파워먼트는 역할지각에 부분적으로 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 축구팀 주장의 임파워먼트는 팀 응집력에 부분적으로 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 축구팀 주장의 역할지각은 팀 응집력에 부분적으로 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 축구팀 주장의 임파워먼트를 통해 팀 내 맡은 역할과 팀 응집력을 높일 수 있도록 해야 할 것이다.

• 시큐리티연구
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• 제6호
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• pp.195-213
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• 2003

This is a case study on the violent collective activities of spectators in professional soccer games. The purpose of this study is to examine the reasons and the processes of the activities. In order to achieve the purpose well, I analyzed two cases of violent collective activities in spectators of professional soccer games that were held on June 24 and July 28 in 2001. The data for this study was collected from 14 kinds of daily newspapers from June 10 to August 20 in 2001 to maintain the objective validity of the outline, the reasons, and the processes of the violent collective activities of spectators in two cases. The data was collected from Korea Integrated News Database System(KINDS) of Korea Press Foundation, and Chollian, on-line service of DACOM, for its efficiency, accuracy and promptness. On the basis of the above-mentioned method as well as the consequences of data analysis, I've reached to a conclusion as follows. The reasons of the violent collective activities of spectators in professional soccer games were the mass effect, the activities of players, umpires and the results of games, etc. The violent collective activities of spectators in professional soccer games need pre-requirements and have relationships with special affairs that are developed in a regular sequence. In other words, a collective activity gives an effect on another one directly or indirectly. Therefore, this study shows that we can reduce or prevent the damages by the violent collective activities of spectators in sport games when we analyze the processes of collective activities and make a previous counter-measure for that.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2004년도 ICCAS
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• pp.879-884
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• 2004

This paper describes the development of a synthetic multi-agent called KMITL Cadence 2003. KMITL Cadence 2003 is a robotic soccer simulation team consisting of eleven autonomous software agents. Each agent operates in a physical soccer simulation model called Robocup Soccer Server which provides fully distributed and real-time multi-agent system environment. All teammates have to cooperate to achieve the common goal of winning the game. The simulation models many aspects of the football field such as noise in ball movements, noisy sensors, unreliable communication channel between teammates and actuators, limited physical abilities and restricted communication. This paper addresses the algorithm to develop the soccer agents to perform basic actions which are scoring, passing ball and blocking the opponents effectively. The result of this development is satisfactory because the successful scoring attempts is increased from 11.1% to 33.3%, successful passing ball attempts is increased from 22.08% to 63.64%, and also, successful intercepting attempts is increased from 88% to 97.73%.

• 한국콘텐츠학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘텐츠학회 2006년도 추계 종합학술대회 논문집
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• pp.149-151
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• 2006

본 연구는 프로축구 관람결정요인이 관람만족에 미치는 영향을 규명하는 데 그 목적이 있었다. 이와 같은 목적을 달성하기 위한 연구 대상으로서 2006년 국내 프로축구 정규시즌의 대전월드컵 경기장 직접관람자를 모집단으로 설정하였으며, 유층집락무선표집법을 이용하여 총 400부의 설문지를 배부하였고, 그 중 388부가 실제 분석에 사용되었다. 자료 분석을 위한 통계기법으로는 다중회귀분석이었다. 이와 같은 연구 절차를 거쳐 얻어진 본 연구의 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 관람결정요인은 시설만족에 영향을 미친다. 둘째, 관람결정요인은 경기내용만족에 영향을 미친다. 셋째, 관람결정요인은 팬서비스만족에 영향을 미친다.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.156-161
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• 2009

본 논문에서는 카메라 렌즈에서 흔히 발생할 수 있는 렌즈의 왜곡에 의한 화상을 보정하고, 로봇 좌표를 인식하기 위해 사용하는 패치의 변경에 의한 로봇의 위치 및 각도오차를 줄여 축구로봇 시스템의 성능 개선에 대한 새로운 방법을 제시한다. 그리고 렌즈의 왜곡 중 기하학적인 왜곡을 보정하여 로봇의 위치오차를 줄여 실시간 환경인 축구로봇 시스템에 적용한다. 로봇의 인식과 로봇의 좌표 및 방향을 판별하기 위하여 사용하는 패치는 그 모양에 따라 로봇이 가지게 되는 위치오차와 각도오차가 발생하게 된다. 본 논문에서는 개선한 로봇패치에 따른 로봇의 위치 및 각도 오차를 줄이는 방법을 제안하고 실험을 통하여 이를 검증하였다.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제10권9호
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• pp.825-832
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• 2004

A small biped robot system is designed and implemented. The robot system consists of a mechanical robot body, a control system, a sensor system, and a user interface system. The robot has 12 dofs for two legs, 6 dofs for two arms, 2 dofs for a neck, so it has total 20 dofs to have dexterous motion capability. The implemented robot has the capability of performing intelligent actions such as playing soccer, resisting external forces, and walking on a slope terrain. In this paper, we focus on the robot's capability of playing soccer. The robot uses a color CCD camera attached on its head as a sensor for playing soccer. To make the robot play soccer with only one camera, an algorithm, which consists of searching, localization, and motion planning, is proposed and experimented. The results show that the robot can play soccer successfully in the given environments.

• International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.236-242
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• 2003

This paper presents a cooperation strategy between a human operator and autonomous robots for an interactive robot soccer game, The interactive robot soccer game has been developed to allow humans to join into the game dynamically and reinforce entertainment characteristics. In order to make these games more interesting, a cooperation strategy between humans and autonomous robots on a team is very important. Strategies can be pre-programmed or learned by robots themselves with learning or evolving algorithms. Since the robot soccer system is hard to model and its environment changes dynamically, it is very difficult to pre-program cooperation strategies between robot agents. Q-learning - one of the most representative reinforcement learning methods - is shown to be effective for solving problems dynamically without explicit knowledge of the system. Therefore, in our research, a Q-learning based learning method has been utilized. Prior to utilizing Q-teaming, state variables describing the game situation and actions' sets of robots have been defined. After the learning process, the human operator could play the game more easily. To evaluate the usefulness of the proposed strategy, some simulations and games have been carried out.