• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.487-495
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• 2019

Purpose: We aimed to identify associations between the frequency of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use and smoking-related characteristics among adolescent smokers. Methods: We used data from the 14th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey. The participants were 3,722 smokers who had smoked cigarettes on at least one day during the past 30 days. The frequency of e-cigarette use was defined as the number of days that participants used e-cigarettes during the past 30 days, and was divided into four categories: 0, 1~2, 3~9, and ${\geq}10$ days. We used the $x^2$ test and multinomial logistic regression to examine the associations between the frequency of e-cigarette use and smoking-related characteristics. Results: Those who attempted to quit smoking, had used a heated tobacco product (HTP) at least once, or initiated e-cigarette use before middle school were more likely to use e-cigarettes for 3~9 days in the past 30 days. More frequent e-cigarette use (${\geq}10$ days) was associated with a higher frequency and greater amount of cigarette use, lifetime HTP use, and earlier initiation of e-cigarette use. Conclusion: Smoking-related characteristics differed by the frequency of e-cigarette use. Therefore, intervention programs targeting adolescent smokers should consider differences in smoking-related characteristics based on the frequency of e-cigarette use.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.189-205
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• 2003

The purpose： This study was to get database of health service for smoking prevention through investigating the state of the students' experience, knowledge and attitude on smoking. Method： The subjects were cosisted of 545 students who were currently enrolled in 3, 4, 5 and 6th grade of 4 primary school in J community. The instruments for this study were Smoking Knowledge and Smoking Attitude questionaire (40 items) developed by WHO(l982). Frequency, percentage, t-test, ANOY A and Chi- square test with SAS program were used to analyze the data. Result： Among the students 10.8％ answered they had the experience of smoking, while 0.5％ said they are current smokers. The experience of smoking related to general characteristics were showed significantly different according to sex, grade and received or not received of smoking exhort. With regard to smokers smoking behavior, first beginning time of smoking was most by 29.8％ preschooler and the first motive of smoking was most by 80.8％ curiosity. The main smoking area is most by 31.1 ％ own house or friend's house. The main purchase route of tobacco appeared by thing which house(father or brother's tobacco) most by 34.9％. Smoking period was most less than 1 day and smoking frequency was most stops while bum sometimes. The amount for a day was less than one cigarette. Smoking time was appeared highest when curiosity occurs. Students' knowledge level about smoking prevention is high comparatively to mean 15.44(±2.66). Smoking prevention knowledge level related to general characteristics were showed significantly different according to the grade, academic score and learned or not of smoking prevention. Therefore, was expose that the smoking prevention knowledge level is high in students who results high grade, high academic score level and learned of smoking prevention. Students' attitude level about smoking prevention was high level to mean 55.90(±3.58). Smoking prevention attitude level related to general characteristics were showed significantly different according to academy score and received or not of smoking exhort(t＝2.33, p＝.020). Therefore, was expose that the smoking prevention attitude level is high in students who result high academic score level and received of smoking exhort group. Conclusion： It follows from this study that education for smoking prevention should be continued from lower grade students and teaching for refusal skill against smoking is needed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.207-213
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• 2001

Objectives: We surveyed the prevalence of smoking among the adolescent population and analysed the correlation of the two exposure biomarkers-concentration of blood cadmium and urinary cotinine-to the smoking status. Methods: Subjects were 193 middle and high school students in Chungnam province. Blood cadmium and urinary cotinine were compared by sex and smoking status. Smoking status were classified by either the concentration of urinary cotinine or subjective answering as a smoker in the questionnaire. Results: Smoking prevalence was 24.6%, 36.2% and 6.7% among all subjects, male and female subjects, respectively. Average smoking amount was 17.5 and 1.5 cigarettes per month among the male subjects and female subjects, respectively. Mean concentration of urinary cotinine among the male subjects was $135.57{\mu}g/{\ell}$, and that of female subjects was $116.59{\mu}g/$. Direct smokers showed higher concentration of urinary cotinine than those of indirect smokers, and subjects with higher urinary concentration showed higher prevalence of smoking, too. Mean concentration of blood cadmium was $0.0572{\mu}g/d{\ell}$ among the male subjects, and $0.0693{\mu}g/d{\ell}$ among the female subjects. Among the male subjects, both exposure biomarkers showed significant correlation to the smoking status, but among the female subjects urinary cotinine did not show significant correlation to the smoking status. Conclusion: Concentrations of these two biomarkers suggested that this population had significantly high evironmental tobacco smoking(ETS) and efficient stop-smoking programs to reduce ETS should be directed to this population.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.274-283
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a smoking cessation education for patients with percutaneous coronary intervention. Methods: The study was a quasi-experimental study with a non-equivalent control group non-synchronized design. The Sixty subjects were assigned to either the treatment group. The treatment intervention was a onetime program during hospitalization. Data were collected during several time periods: before treatment, immediately after treatment, two weeks later, and one month after the treatment. Data were analyzed with the SPSS 14.0 program with an independent t-test, $x^2$ test, repeated measures ANOVA. Results: There were significant differences between the two groups in terms of knowledge and attitude. The significance was absent for the testing two weeks post group intervention and then one month later the significance was again detected in the amount of smoking and smoking behavior. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that smoking cessation education could be utilized for inpatients with percutaneous coronary intervention as nursing intervention in hospitals effectively. Further research is recommended in order to understand the change in significance in the different time periods.

• Advances in environmental research
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.189-202
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• 2017

This study examines the concentrations of particulate-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and gas-phase PAHs in sidestream cigarette smoke. Sixteen PAHs were determined for four brands of cigarettes. The volume of the experimental room is approximately $66m^3$. The air samples in the room were collected before and after smoking. The median total of particulate-phase and gas-phase PAH concentrations before smoking $3.13ng/m^3$and $48.0ng/m^3$, respectively. The median concentrations of them after smoking were $10.0ng/m^3$ and $79.6ng/m^3$. The median increases in the total of 16 PAH concentrations per cigarette during smoking were 271 ng for the particulate-phase PAHs and 1960 ng for the gas-phase PAHs. According to the relationship between particulate-phase and gas-phase PAHs after smoking, the two- to four-ring gas-phase PAHs and the higher molecular weight particulate-phase PAHs were probably formed from similar precursors. The relationship between the total suspended particulate (TSP) concentration and the increase in the total particulate-phase concentration of the 16 PAHs per cigarette during smoking were significantly positive. The increase in the total gas-phase concentration of the 16 PAHs tended to increase as the TSP concentration increased. This may indicates that decreasing the amount of TSP produced inhibit the production of PAHs during smoking.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.223-230
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was conducted to validate self-reported smoking among high school students using urinary cotinine. Methods : A self report of smoking behavior was collected together with urine sample for cotinine analysis from 130 male and female students in two vocational high school students in November, 2007. Validity and agreement between self-reported smoking and urinary cotinine was analyzed with STATA 9.0 for different definitions of current smokers, and frequent and daily smokers. Urinary cotinine concentration was measured by the DRI Cotinine Assay for urine (Microgenics Corp., Fremont, CA) on Toshiba 200FR. The cut-off point of urinary cotinine was 50 ng/dl. Results : The concentrations of urinary cotinine were significantly different according to the frequency and amount of smoking. Sensitivity and specificity was 90.9% and 91.8% respectively, and the Cohen s kappa value was 0.787 among the current smokers who smoked at least one day during one month preceding the survey. The comparable high sensitivity, specificity, and kappa value were shown also among the other definitions of current smokers, that is, subjective smokers, and weekly smokers. Conclusions : The results showed the high validity of self-reported smoking among high school students. However, due to the small sample size and limitation of the participants, it is cautious to generalize the results to overall high school students.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.182-197
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• 1996

For the purpose of examining the relationship between smoking, perceived stress and vulnerability factors, and furthermore suggesting interventions to reduce excessive smoking and prevent nicotine dependency effectively, the questionnaires of perceived stress(stressful experiences), ways of stress coping(passive and active copings), smoking motives, social influence, age, amounts of smoking, and nicotine dependency were administered to smokers among medical students in Chosun university(n=186). 1) As a result of classifying smokers by the types of smoking, the most was a type of smokers to reduce negative emotions and the next in order were addictive smokers, smoker for stimulation, smoker for pleasure, etc. 2) The effects of motive, age, and active coping style were significant, but the effects of perceived stress, passive coping style, and social influence were not significant in average amount of daily smoking. 3) The effects of motive, social influence, and age were significant, but the effects of perceived stress, passive and active coping styles were not significant in the degree of nicotine dependency. To summarize, it is concluded that there were a lot of people who smoke to solve negative emotions, but the direct effects of perceived stress and passive coping style on both average amounts of daily smoking and the degree of nicotine dependency were not significant. On the other hand, motive, age, active coping style, and social influence were proved to be more important variables than the others in explaining college students' smoking.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.1841-1848
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• 2013

This study is designed to figure out the smoking status of college students. The main object of the study is to analyze the details of smoking status, the relationship between their allowance and smoking habit and the effect of their parent's smoking. This research was conducted toward 854 of college student(460 males/394 females) from 22 to 29 October 2012. According to the research, 49.3% of the males and 8.93% of females were smokers and the smoking group was affected by their allowance and home environment(parental smoking habits). Compared with existing related research results, this study shows the continuous increase rate of female smoking. Therefore the publicity and education to college students for smoking prevention and cessation measures are required.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.432-443
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• 2000

Smoking can increase oxidative stress and thereby change the antioxidant defense system in the body. Supplementation of antioxidant vitamins might improve antioxidant status in the body. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of vitamin C supplementation and smoking cessation education on changes of antioxidant status and psychosocial factors related to smoking. To obtain above purposes, we investigated the effectiveness of intervention for male adolescent smokers were evalnate by assessing changes in dietary intakes, plasma antioxidant vitamin concentration, and psychosocial factors related to smoking after program completion. Subjects, male adolescent smokers, were assigned into four groups : Control group(19 students), Educ. group(19 students), Vit. C supple. group(19 students), and Educ.+Vit. C suppl. group(19 students). The Educ. group and Educ.+Vit. C suppl. group received nutrition and smoking cessation education once a week for 5 weeks. Vit. C suppl. group and Educ.+Vit. C suppl. group received 500 mg per day of ascorbic acid for 35 days. All data were collected before and after intervention. Vit. B$_2$and Vit. C intakes of all groups were increased, but the only Ca intake was increased in the Educ. group. Plasma Vit. C concentration and Ratio(plasma Vit. C/Vit. C intakes) were increased in the Vit. C suppl. group and Educ.+Vit. C suppl. group, and the Vit. C deficiency status of these groups(Vit. C suppl. group and Educ.+Vit. C suppl. group) disappeared. Showing the effects of Vit. C supplementation, plasma $\alpha$-tocopherol was increased in the Educ. and Educ.+Vit. C suppl. group, and especially high increases were seen in the Educ.+Vit. C suppl. group. Psychosocial factors related to smoking changed after the education a little. This intervention program had an impact on nutrition intakes, plasma antioxidant vitamins, and some beliefs related to smoking in male adolescent students. Various programs of nutrition and smoking cessation education and vitamin supplementation for quitting smoking must be implemented for adolescent smokers, and further studies are needed regarding sorts and amount of antioxidant nutrients and supplementation periods.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.216-226
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• 2022

Background: The amount of smoking in adolescence increases with a younger age of smoking initiation and affects physical health. To establish and evaluate smoking-related policies, it is important to determine actual smoking status. Validation of self-reported questionnaires can identify the accuracy of the questionnaire data reflecting smoking status. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of self-reported smoking status and identify factors affecting the accuracy of self-reported smoking in South Korean adolescents. Methods: This study investigated the consistency between cotinine concentrations and self-reported questionnaire data through the analysis of urine samples collected from 922 adolescents aged 13~18 among the participants of Cycle 3 of the Korean National Environmental Health Survey. Smoking status was classified using the cotinine cut-off point of 39.85 ㎍/L in adolescents, and factors affecting the accuracy were analyzed through multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: The smoking rates according to the self-reported questionnaire and cut-off point-based cotinine concentrations among adolescents were 3.1% and 5.1%, respectively. The results found 97.1% consistency between self-reported smokers and smokers according to cotinine concentration. Factors affecting the discrepancy showed a significant relationship, including gender, secondhand smoke, and use of e-cigarettes. Conclusions: The results can be used as basic data to establish a smoking policy for adolescents through continuous monitoring and improvement of questionnaire items of factors affecting the discrepancy.