• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.9 no.10
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• pp.187-194
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• 2019

This study is a descriptive study for analyzing cigarette warning picture and message effect according to smoking status (smoking, non-smoking, ex-smoking). A total of 219 subjects participated in the study. Data collection was conducted from June 4, 2017 to June 14, 2017. The survey was conducted by using the 10 cigarette warning pictures(heart disease, stroke, lung cancer, laryngeal cancer, oral cancer) and cigarette warning messages selected by the Ministry of Health and Welfare in 2016. The results of the study showed that there was a statistically significant difference in smoking cessation intention between smoking, non-smoker and ex-smoker groups after exposure of smoking warning picture and cigarette warning message(F=36.08, p<.001). Therefore, it is suggested that the contents of cigarette warning picture and warning messages including T.V Anti-Smoking Public Service Announcement need to be replaced regularly in order to improve the smoking cessation of smokers according to National Health Promotion Act.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.26-34
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• 1978

We observed 82 cases of primary lung cancer clinically and statistically, which had been experienced at the dept. of thoracic surgery, Chonnam University Hospital, during the period of 13 years from 1964 to 1967. The results obtained were as follows: Peak incidence of age was from 5th decade to 6th decade, and the ratio of male to female was 3: 1. The frequency of lung cancer was higher in the heavy smoker than in the lighter smoker, and undifferentiated carcinoma showed low resectability in spite of the shorter clinical duration. Major symptoms were coughing and chest tightness & pain, especially coughing was initial symptom in the majority of patients. Of the 82 cases, operation was performed in the 32 cases [39%], but resection was possible in the 22 cases [27%]. The delaying factors led patients to an inoperable stage were physician’s misdiagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma due to non-specific symptoms and signs of the patients, old age patients were dependence on herb medicine, and poor economical condition of the patients in our region especially. Basic conditions of treatment in lung cancer were early detection & early surgery, so, chest P-A would be checked per 3 to 6 months interval associated with sputum cytology in the smoker over 45 age routinely.

• Journal of Korea Association of Health Promotion
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.165-171
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• 2005

Passive smoking is the involuntary inhalation of tobacco smoke by a person, especially a non-smoker, who occupies and area with smokers or a smoker. Passive smoking may cause eye and nose irritation, sore throat, headache, cough to everyone, and it is known that non-smokers have the same kinds of illness with smokers. Smoking rate among the adults aged over 20 in Korea is higher than that of the US or European conturies. Therefore we suppose that Koreans may be exposured to passive smoking than the people of other conturies. It is necessary that people have the knowledge on the heath problems caused by passive smoking and on prevention from the involuntary inhalation of tobacco smoke. I propose that the smokers should be informed the importance of smoking cessation.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.35.1-35.16
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• 2022

Tobacco smoking (TS) has been known as one of the most potent risk factors for airway inflammatory diseases. However, there has been a paucity of information regarding the immunologic alteration mediated by TS in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). To identify the effect of TS, we harvested human tissue samples (never smoker: n=41, current smoker: n=22, quitter: n=23) and analyzed the expression of epithelial-derived cytokines (EDCs) such as IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin. The expressions of Th2 cytokines and total serum IgE showed a type-2 inflammatory alteration by TS. In addition, the epithelial marker E-cadherin and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated markers (N-cadherin, α-SMA, and vimentin) were evaluated. Histological analysis showed that EDC expressions were upregulated in the current smoker group and downregulated in the quitter group. These expression patterns were consistent with mRNA and protein expression levels. We also found that the local Th2 cytokine expression and IgE class switching, as well as serum IgE levels, were elevated in the current smoker group and showed normal levels in the quitter group. Furthermore, the expressions of E-cadherin decreased while those of N-cadherin, α-SMA, and vimentin increased in the current smoker group compared those in the never smoker group. Taken together, these results indicate that TS contributes to the deterioration of pathogenesis by releasing local EDCs and Th2 cytokines, resulting in EMT in patients with CRSwNP. We verified that alterations of immunological response by TS in sinonasal epithelium can play a vital role in leading to CRSwNP.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.415-420
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• 1999

Objectives: We investigated the effects of changes in obesity and life style factors, such as cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and exercise, on the changes in blood pressure and serum cholesterol among Korean men. Methods: This study included 7,205 healthy male employees in the steel manufacturing industry. Each subject underwent health examination in 1994 and was re-examined in 1997. The study subjects were classified into four categories, according to changes in body mass index (BMI) (loss; stable; mild gain: severe gain), cigarette smoking (quitter; nor-smoker; smoker continued; smoker started), alcohol drinking (quitter; non-drinker; drinker continued; drinker started) and exercise (more exercise; continuous regular exercise; continuous irregular or no exercise; less exercise), respectively. We evaluated the relationship between the categories of change in those independent variables and the changes in blood pressure and serum cholesterol, adjusted for BMI in 1994 and age by analysis of variance. Results: The change in systolic blood pressure was positively associated with the changes in BMI (p<0.001) and drinking (p=0,001), but negatively with smoking (p=0,004), compared to the first category of each independent variables. The systolic blood pressure was significantly less increased in the continuous smoking group than quitter or hon-smoker. The changes in diastolic blood pressure and serum cholesterol appeared to have statistically significant linear relationships only with the change in BMI. The change in exercise showed a marginal significance with diastolic blood pressure (p=0.088). Conclusions: These prospective data emphasize the importance of obesity as a determinant of the changes in blood pressure and serum cholesterol. In addition, the changes in smoking and drinking habits can affect systolic blood pressure.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.237-249
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• 2003

Purpose: This study was to investigate the smoking related social influence, refusal skill and nonsmoking related self-efficacy among adolescents. Method: The subject for this study consisted of 3,000 students of middle and high school located in Chonbuk province. The data were collected by self-report questionnaire from Aguest 19 to September 14, 2002. Result: The smoking rate was 3.3% in middle school students and 13.6% in high school students. The subject have had 61.1% of family members, 42.7% of same sex friends, 39.4% of object sex friend, 64.9% of peer group and 85.9% of teachers were being smoke. The smoking related social influence and smoking status showed significant relationship; current smokers' smoking related social influence level was much higher than former and never smoker. Friends', teachers' and family members' influences were important to adolescents' smoking. Adolescents had social influence made by many smokers. 27.7% of subject were suggested to smoke by near people, 40.4% of which them were smoked or tried to smoke. The mean refusal skill score of subject was 39.13 points per hundred. Adolescents have showed very low level of refusal skill to smoke. Current smokers' refusal skill level was significantly lower than former and never smoker. The mean average nonsmoking related self-efficacy score of current smoker was 44.46 percents per hundred, it showed that current smoker had very low level of self-efficacy to ceasing smoke. Conclusion: For the purpose of adolescents smoking prevention and ceasing, the educational program must designed to reduce smoking related social influence, to promote the refusal skill and nonsmoking related self-efficacy.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 2018

Objectives: Smoking is a significant public health issue in Bangladesh. The purpose of this study was to examine peer smoking and smoking-related beliefs among college students in Bangladesh. Methods: College students at two universities in Dhaka, Bangladesh participated in a self-administered survey in May and June 2017. Results: First, being a current or former smoker is associated with lower levels of beliefs among respondents that they would not smoke even with smoker friends or nervousness, and lower levels of intentions that they would not smoke, while current smokers and former smokers have different smoking-related beliefs. Second, having smoker friends is associated with lower levels of intentions that they would not smoke. Third, higher levels of normative beliefs that it is important not to smoke are associated with higher levels of beliefs that they would not smoke even with smoker friends or nervousness, higher levels of intentions that they would not smoke, and higher levels of avoidance of smoking. Conclusions: Smoking-related beliefs and perceived norms in individuals' social networks are important components in promoting tobacco cessation in Bangladesh. But it is challenging to prevent or intervene in smoking because of the high rates of smoking in this country and the high prevalence of smokers in individuals' social networks. Future studies should examine the most effective interventions to combat smoking in high-smoking social networks, such as using mobile apps or social media, and evaluate the effectiveness of such interventions.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.723-733
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the difference about pathogenesis of normal group and depression group(who' pulmonary function is below expected value). Author used DSOM to investigate oriental pathogenesis. Depression group is consisted of people who's FVC%(forced vital capacity)is below 80% or $FEV_1$/FVC%(Forced Expiratory Volume in 1sec/FVC) is below 70%, and they don't have history of lung disease(Athma, tuberculosis, COPD, suchlike). Normal group is consisted of people who's FVC%(Forced Vital Capacity) is in 80-120% and $FEV_1$/FVC%(Forced Expiratory Volume in 1sec/FVC) is above 70%. they also don't have history of lung disease. Author carried out each group's PFT(pulmonary function test) by ATS(American Thoracic Society) method. DSOM was used for oriental pathogenesis investigation of two groups. There was significant difference between normal group and depression group in Kidney(p<0.05). In depression group comparison of sex, there was significant difference between male and female in stagnation of qi, cold, heat, spleen, phlegm(p<0.05). In Normal group there was significant difference between male and female in stagnation of qi, blood stasis, cold, heat, spleen(p<0.05). In depression group comparison of smoke, there was no significant difference between smoker and non-smoker(p<0.05). In Normal group comparison of smoke, there was significant difference between smoker and non-smoker in heat(p<0.05). This result showed difference of the pathogenesis between Depression group and Normal group.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.1-7
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• 2012

Purpose : The purpose of present study was to investigate pulmonary function among smokers and non-smokers, and effect on respiratory muscle training in smoker. Methods : Twenty participants were allocated into smokers group(n = 10) and non-smokers group(n = 10). Pulmonary function was measured by spirometry(Pony FX, COSMED Inc., Italy). The smoker group was compared pulmonary function before and after respiratory muscle training. Results : The results were as follows; There was significant difference on PEF, FEV1/FVC%, FEF25~75%, MEF75% and MEF50% among smoker and non-smokers(p<.05). But, there was not significantly difference after intervention in smokers. Conclusion : The present study found that smoker decreased pulmonary function than non-smokers.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.292-300
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• 1993

Background: To evaluate the effect of doctor's cessation order Methods: From January 1989 to December 1990, Total 1981 patients (male 922, female 1059), who visited OPD of Daedong hospital were selected to investigate the cigarette smoking habits and the success rates of the physician's cessation orders. Results: 1) Among male patients, 64.43% and 27.00% revealed as smoke and non-smoker, respectively and and 8.57% as ex-smoker. In the 20 years old or less age group smoker were 36.11%. 2) Among female patients, the rates of smoker were only 2.83%, ex-smoker were 0.38%. No female patient smoked under 20 years old. 3) As compared with the number of daily smoked cigarettes among the male patients, patient who smoked less than 10 cigarettes were in 2.69%, 11-20 cigarettes in 39.23%, 21-40 cigarettes in 46.30%, more than 40 cigarettes in 11.78%, under 20 years old age gorup the number of smoked cigarettes were 11.54%, 61.54%, 23.08%, 3.84% respectively. Among female patients, smoker were only 37 patients and the number of daily used cigarette were 2.7%, 67.57%, 24.32%, 5.41% respectively. 4) As compared with systemic disease and the smoking habits, female excluded from statistics because of too small number of smoker. Among male patients ex-smoker associated with respiratory disease were 15.21% which was much higher than other disease group (4.35%-8.11%), and among cardiovascular diseae patients, smoker were 81.08% & among cardiovascular disease patients, smoker were 81.08% & among gastrointestinal disease patient 68.93% and among respiratory disease patient 60.84%. In respiratory disease patients group 16.25% smoked more than 40 cigarettes dialy and 13.01% in gastrointestinal disease patients group. 5) Among patients who treated more than 3 months via OPD the success rates of the physcian's cessation order were 62.03% of male patients (we excluded female patients) and there is no gross difference in each age group, but it was highest as 75% in 41-60 years old age group. As compared with difference of systeic disease, the success rate were highest in respiratory disease patients as 78.13% and lowest in gastrointestinal disease patients as 49.94% Conclusion: The smoking rates among the out patients including male and female of internal medical department of General Hospital were same as the general population. Although the sample size was small, on account of the success rates of physician's cessation orders were more than half, we think the cessation recommendation by physician's order is very effective. And we think the cessation recommendation are more effective. And we think the cessation recommendation are more effective than the ex-smoking education in the excluded patients due to fail to follow up more than 3 months.