• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.42 no.9
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• pp.715-724
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• 2009

In case of inclined crest groyne, flow constriction with water is different. Therefore, it is proper to apply to narrow channel or there is a risk of overflow with water level rising caused by installation of groynes. This study were conducted experiments on inclined crest groyne. Main factors of inclined crest groyne are angles of crests slope and changes of water level. Velocity profile around groyne was measured by LSPIV (Large Scale Particle Image Velocimetry). Flow fields around groyne were analyzed focused on main channel and recirculation area. From the results, Thalweg change has little an effect on rate length and height of recirculation rises on increasing rate length. Length of recirculation area was about 12$\sim$16 times of rate length of groyne. Maximum velocity in main channel area was measured about 1.45$\sim$2.1 times of approach velocity and has little an effect on crest angle of groyne. Back water velocity recirculation area was decreased on approach velocity. This result presents to make stable flow to bank protection.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.1
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• pp.139-144
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• 2006

Chestnut trees have been severely damaged by the various cankers in Korea. Field surveys for elucidating the relationships between disease occurrence and environmental factors, i.e., tree age, temperature, rainfall precipitation, direction, degree of slope, chemical properties of soils, and so on, were carried out in the chestnut tree plantations located at Gyeongnam, Jeonnam, Chungnam, and Gyeonggi-Do Province. Totally, one thousand and one hundred thirty seven trees from 36 experiment plots were investigated. Trees infected by at least one of the canker fungi were estimated up to 66%. The most severely infested area was Sunchon in Jeonnam Province with the rate of 80%, while the most lightly infested area was Kongju in Chungnam Province with 39%. Disease occurrence was found to be highly correlated with tree age. The disease occurred most frequently on trees ranged from 7 to 12 years old, while it was relatively low on trees below 5 years old or above 25 years old. Canker positions on the tree formed by the pathogenic fungi were most often at 1.6-2.0m above the ground. Over five hundreds bark samples from the canker area on the tree were collected and the pathogenic fungi were isolated. The most commonly isolated fungus was identified as Cryphonectria parasitica, the chestnut blight fungus.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.85-93
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• 2008

The MAEULSOOP, Korean traditional village groves have been installed and survived since 7th Century to serve local village dwellers as a community forest. The common sense of their reasons for being is related to the surroundings such as hills, waterways and wind-ways. To understand the roles in a local community, spatial characteristics of distribution, locations and shapes were tested at the two-characterized regions, the Southwestern Flat Region and the Eastern Hilly Region. Approximately more than 500 written evidences related to trees and forests were surveyed, for example village names, folk tales and lists of designated trees for protection. Twenty sites in each region were selected and tested for the spatial analysis. Aerial photographs, DEM and the ArcGIS with a modified AML for slope analysis are applied based on the criteria of the KLCIS(Kwon, 2002; 권진오, 2008). The major factors in the role of the MAEULSOOP based on the spatial character of two regions are; the array and locations of hills for encircling or exposure, locations against corridors and waterway or not, locations of the community to serve, the conservation of energy. Although locations and shapes of the MAEULSOOP are slightly different, it seems that one of the prime roles is what makes their everyday life difficult the most in the community.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.49-78
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• 1998

Nowadays, there are increasing demands of golf courses and it is necessary to make more golf courses than the present. To do this, we need to improve the environmental problems with the regional inhabitants, and it is said that the first thing to be considered in developing any golf course in Korea is to preserve the environment. In this context, the purpose of this study is to set forth several design factors to lessen the negative impacts which are accompanied with the development of golf courses. 1. The present conditions of golf courses in Korea Many new golf courses have come into being, particularly since the late 1980s, and now, in the year of 1997, over one hundred of golf courses are doing their business, yet the number of golf course is still less than required. So far, over a half of them have been made in the vicinity of Seoul on account of various reasons, and this has adversely affected on our natural environment. This unreasonable development of golf courses has caused serious water pollution, landslides and the other problems. Also, the topography of Korea is not good for golf courses. Although the demands of golf courses are increasing, the suitable sites for them are very limited, and therefore it is sometimes unavoidable to make golf courses on steep hills. Consequently, in designing golf courses in Korea, the most important thing is the balance between natural environment and artificial environment. 2.Eco-friendly golf course design factors 1) The concept of eco-friendly golf courses Ecologically sustainable and sound golf courses which are made by eco-friendly approaches 2)Basic conditions of eco-friendly golf courses (1)The most suitable sites (2) Conservation of existing ground as much as possible (3)Proper use of agricultural chemicals which have great impacts on the environment (4) Reasonable use of fertilizers (5) Developing a specialized fertilizer only for grass (6) Adaptation of organic agriculture (7) Improvement of grass sorts (8) Establishing reservoirs for purifying the water from golf courses 3) Eco-friendly golf courses (1) Location-Enough area /Gentle slope/Winding ground/Including lakes or streams /Not crossing wind's main direction Facing south or southeast /Suitable soIl for grass /Good drainage /Low level of underground water (2)Course layout and design -Consideration about existing contours as much as possible -Adaptation of Scotish design trend -Various holes' configuration -Consideration toward surrounding landscapes -Reducing grass areas -Giving buffer zones -Adapting computer methods in the process of site analysis and design (3) Eco-friendly considerations in constructing and managing golf courses -Protection of wildlife -Reuse of existing forests and preservation of topsoil -Renovation of old-fashioned courses -Reducing grass areas -Purification of water -Standization of management -Strict regulations against chemicals -Recycling organic materials -Through separation of the water inside golf courses and out of bounds -Getting proper construction works done in a due time 4.Eco-friendly considerations from a viewpoint of cultural environment 1) Well-matched landscape design and events planning 2) Implement of identifications and awarding systerns 3)Acknowledgement of superintendents' qualitications in the maintenance of golf courses 4)Increasing public golf courses and keeping good relationships with the neighbors near golf courses Key words: Pro-environmental development, Golf course.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.896-907
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• 2016

The habitat characteristics of Aconitum austrokoreense Koidz. were investigated to provide basic data for conservation and restoration. The altitude ranged from 260m to 728m with inclinations of $4-39^{\circ}$. As a result of vegetation survey within natural populations, a total of 147 taxa were identified inside 20 quadrates in 7 natural habitats. The importance value of Aconitum austrokoreense was 23.0% based on the coverage and frequency of the herbaceous layer and sat is more dominant. Species diversity was 1.23, and dominace and evenness were found to be 0.22 and 0.77, respectively. The soil type were silty loam (four sites), sandy loam (two sites) and loam (one site). The average field organic matter was 7.83% and the total nitrogen and pH were 0.35, and 5.69. Correlation analysis between environmental factors and population characteristic showed the correlations between chlorophyll content and slope, flowering rate and soil humidity. Conservation on habitats conditions is important for stable maintenance the flora and the surrounding area including habitats has to be designated a protection area for habitats conservation.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.35-41
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to estimate domestic potential wood supply according to geographical and forest management conditions. In order to separate available wood supply area, analysis was conducted by separating natural, theoretical, geographical and technical supply area. Natural supply area was separated by extract stocked land from forest using digital stock map. Theoretical, geographical and technical supply area was separated by considering protection area, slope, streamside and road. Growing stock was calculated by using species and age-class of digital stock map. Potential wood supply was estimated by calculating growing stock of technical supply area. The results of growing stock of each supply area was shown that growing stock was from 244,150 to 596,248 thousand $m^3$. According to the results of this study, it was found that potential wood supply are likely to be over- or underestimated depending on the considered level of geographical and forest management conditions. Provincial potential wood supply was highly ranked in order of Gyeongbuk, jeonnam, Gyeongnam and Gangwon province.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.8-17
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• 2013

The objective of this study is investigation of contamination levels and transfer rate of heavy metals and assessment of health risk effects in animal medicines. A total of sixteen items with 148 samples were obtained for this investigation from major herbal medicine producing areas and herbal markets from 2011 to 2012. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer method was conducted for the quantitative analysis of Pb, Cd and As. In addition, the mercury analyzer system was conducted for that of Hg without sample digestion. The average contents of heavy metals in animal medicines were as follows : 1.55 mg/kg for Pb, 0.28 mg/kg for Cd, 0.70 mg/kg for As and 0.047 mg/kg for Hg respectively. The average contents of heavy metals in decoctions were as follows : 0.03 mg/kg for Pb, 0.01 mg/kg for Cd, 0.17 mg/kg for As and 0.003 mg/kg for Hg respectively. The average transfer rates of heavy metals from animal medicines to decoctions were 1.9% for Pb, 3.6% for Cd, 24.2% for As and 6.0% for Hg respectively. Cancer risks of animal medicines and decoctions through slope factor by ministry of environment republic korea and environmental protection agency was $1.36{\times}10^{-6}$ and $2.50{\times}10^{-8}$ for Pb and $7.46{\times}10^{-5}$ and $1.98{\times}10^{-5}$ for As (assuming that the total arsenic content was equal to the inorganic arsenic) respectively. The hazard index of heavy metals in animal medicines and decoctions was below recommended hazard index as 0.52 and 0.05 respectively. Taken together, cancer risks about Pb and hazard indexes of animal medicines and decoctions indicate that the majority of samples except for some samples with relative high contents of heavy metals were safe. But cancer risks about As of animal medicines indicate that the majority of samples were not relatively safe.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.576-587
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• 2018

This study has focused on analysis factors affecting safety monitoring system at tailings sites, and the evaluation equipment to monitor the factors. Twenty sites at eighteen mines with unsafe conditions were selected to examine the equipment. There were three main factors influenced safety in the sites including surface erosion, piping, and slope instability. In detail, the surface erosion was divided into three sub-factors (planting, soil-topping layer, and tailings), piping into three sub-factors (liner, rain protection facility and leachate), and slop instability was also divided into three sub-factors (slop, concrete wall, and reinforcing wall). As results of in-field measurement, a CCTV was the most effective facility, and electrical resistivity survey, acoustic sensing, thermal liner sensor, structure inclinometer, rainfall meter, and flowmeter were also highly effective. According to applications of the facilities in the unstable tailings, structural defects were mainly found in the piping, which was the most important monitoring factor for safety management of tailings sites.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.460-467
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• 2022

In this study, we collected snake roadkill data from 2006 to 2017 and developed a species distribution model to identify the pattern of snake roadkill and predict the potential hotspot of snake roadkill in the Odaesan National Park of South Korea. During the study period, snake roadkills occurred most frequently on the road, which passes through between forest and stream at an altitude of about 600 m. The modeling result showed that the occurrence probability of snake roadkill was high on a road with a gentle slope at a distance of 25 m from the stream and an altitude of 600 m. The most susceptible regions for snake roadkill in the Odaesan National Park were located on National Route 6, about 2.2 km and 11.7 km away from the southern border of the park, and on Local Road 446, 3.44 km away from the southern border of the park. The results of this study suggest that providing alternative basking places and eco-corridors and installing protection fences that block the inflow of snakes into roads, preferentially around roads and streams at an altitude lower than 700 m would be an effective way of reducing snake roadkill in the Odaesan National Park.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.46-56
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• 2022

This study aimed to analyze the locational characteristics of heritage sites in Seoul in order to identify flood susceptibility by type. As for the location factors related to flood susceptibility, elevation, slope, distance to streams, and topographic location were analyzed. Literature review was supplemented for the historical and humanistic environments of heritage sites. The results of the study are as follows. First, heritage sites in Seoul are distributed throughout the city, and are especially highly dense in the Hanyangdoseong fortress. It was also confirmed that heritage sites were concentrated around Jung-gu, Jongno-gu, Jingwan-dong, and Ui-dong in the quantitative spatial analyses. Second, types of heritage sites at the circumstance susceptible to flood damage were related to commerce and distribution, traffic, modern traffic and communication, geological monument, residence, government office, and palace. Third, heritage types with locational characteristics that showed low flood susceptibility were found to be natural scenic spots, telecommunication, ceramics, Buddhism, tombs, and tomb sculptural heritage assets. In a time when risk factors that can damage the value of heritage are gradually increasing due to anthropogenic influences along with changes in the natural environment, this study provides basic data for vulnerability analysis that reflects the unique characteristics of heritage assets. The results can contribute to more comprehensive and comprehensive insights for the management and protection of heritage by including the humanities and social science data together with natural factors in the analysis.