• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.116-123
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• 2014

The objective of this study is to model and simulate the nonlinear lubrication performance of the sliding part between the piston and cylinder wall in a hydrostatic swash-plate-type axial piston pump. A numerical algorithm is developed that facilitates simultaneous calculation of the rotating body motion and fluid film pressure to observe the fluid film geometry and power loss. It is assumed that solid asperity contact, so-called mixed lubrication in this study, invariably occurs in the swash-plate-type axial piston pump, which produces a higher lateral moment on the pistons than other types of hydrostatic machines. Two comparative mixed lubrication models, rigid and elastic, are used to determine the reaction force and sliding friction. The rigid model does not allow any elastic deformation in the partial lubrication area. The patch shapes, reactive forces, and virtual local elastic deformation in the partial lubrication area are obtained in the elastic contact model using a simple Hertz contact theory. The calculation results show that a higher reaction force and friction loss are obtained in the rigid model, indicating that solid deformation is a significant factor on the lubrication characteristics of the reciprocating piston part.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.268-280
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• 2018

Resistance to sliding (RS) between the bracket, wire, and ligature has been largely debated in orthodontics. Despite the extensive number of published studies, the lack of discussion of the methods used has led to little understanding of this phenomenon. The aim of this study was to discuss variables affecting RS in orthodontics and to suggest an operative protocol. The search included $PubMed^{(c)}$, $Medline^{(c)}$, and the Cochrane $Library^{(c)}$. References of full-text articles were manually analyzed. English-language articles published between January 2007 and January 2017 that performed an in vitro analysis of RS between the bracket, wire, and ligature were included. Study methods were analyzed based on the study design, description of materials, and experimental setup, and a protocol to standardize the testing methods was proposed. From 404 articles identified from the database search and 242 records selected from published references, 101 were eligible for the qualitative analysis, and six for the quantitative synthesis. One or more experimental parameters were incompatible and a meta-analysis was not performed. Major factors regarding the study design, materials, and experimental setup were not clearly described by most studies. The normal force, that is the force perpendicular to the sliding of the wire and one of the most relevant variable in RS, was not considered by most studies. Different variables were introduced, often acting as confounding factors. A protocol was suggested to standardize testing procedures and enhance the understanding of in vitro findings.

• 한국생산제조학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.123-129
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• 2012

Recently, interests on cleaning robots workable in pipes (termed as in-pipe cleaning robot) are increasing because Garbage Automatic Collection Facilities (i.e, GACF) are widely being installed in Seoul metropolitan area of Korea. So far research on in-pipe robot has been focused on inspection rather than cleaning. In GACF, when garbage is moving, the impurities which are stuck to the inner face of the pipe are removed (diameter: 300 mm or 400 mm). Thus, in this paper, by using TRIZ (Inventive Theory of Problem Solving in Russian abbreviation), an in-pipe cleaning robot of GACF with the 6-link sliding mechanism will be proposed, which can be adjusted to fit into the inner face of pipe using pneumatic pressure(not spring). The proposed in-pipe cleaning robot for GACF can have forward/backward movement itself as well as rotation of brush in cleaning. The robot body should have the limited size suitable for the smaller pipe with diameter of 300 mm. In addition, for the pipe with diameter of 400 mm, the links of robot should stretch to fit into the diameter of the pipe by using the sliding mechanism. Based on the conceptual design using TRIZ, we will set up the initial design of the robot in collaboration with a field engineer of Robot Valley, Inc. in Korea. For the optimal design of in-pipe cleaning robot, the maximum impulsive force of collision between the robot and the inner face of pipe is simulated by using RecurDyn(R) when the link of sliding mechanism is stretched to fit into the 400 mm diameter of the pipe. The stresses exerted on the 6 links of sliding mechanism by the maximum impulsive force will be simulated by using ANSYS$^{(R)}$ Workbench based on the Design Of Experiment(in short DOE). Finally the optimal dimensions including thicknesses of 4 links will be decided in order to have the best safety factor as 2 in this paper as well as having the minimum mass of 4 links. It will be verified that the optimal design of 4 links has the best safety factor close to 2 as well as having the minimum mass of 4 links, compared with the initial design performed by the expert of Robot Valley, Inc. In addition, the prototype of in-pipe cleaning robot will be stated with further research.

• 한국해안·해양공학회논문집
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.267-277
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• 2009

혼성제 케이슨의 활동파괴모드에 대한 목표파괴수준에 따른 저항 및 하중 그리고 신뢰함수의 부분안 전계수를 산정하였다. 이를 위해 파력의 편이를 고려한 혼성제 케이슨의 활동파괴모드에 대한 신뢰함수를 수립하 고, 관련 확률변수의 불확실성에 대해 분석하였다. Level II AFDA 해석법을 이용하여 여러 수심조건 및 단면조건 그리고 파랑조건에 대해 신뢰성 해석을 수행하였다. 특히 대산항, 동해항 그리고 포항항의 실제 혼성제 케이슨의 활동파괴에 대한 신뢰성 해석도 수행하였다. 마지막으로 목표수준에 따른 혼성제 케이슨의 최소 소요 폭을산정하는 방법으로 본 연구에서 산정된 부분안전계수에 대한 비교 평가를 실시하였다. 비교 결과, 목표수준 1%에서는 약간의 차이를 보이고 있으나 다른 모든 수준에서는 비교적 잘 일치하고 있다.

• 드라이브 ㆍ 컨트롤
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.56-69
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• 2024

Tractors are used for farming in harsh terrain such as slopes with slippery fields and steep passages. In these potentially dangerous terrain, steering instability caused by bouncing and sliding can lead to tractor rollover accidents. The center of gravity changes as parts such as engines and transmissions used in existing internal combustion engine tractors are replaced by motors and batteries, and the risk of conduction must be newly considered accordingly. The purpose of this study was to derive the center of gravity of a 55 kW class electric tractor using an electric platform from an existing internal combustion engine tractor, and to numerically investigate the tractor steering instability due to bouncing and sliding. The analysis provides a strong analysis by integrating an elaborate combination of a bouncing model and a sliding model based on Coulomb's theory of friction. Various parameters such as tractor speed, static coefficient of friction, bump length and radius of rotation are carefully analyzed through a series of detailed designs. In particular, the simulation results show that the cornering force is significantly reduced, resulting in unintended trajectory deviations. By considering such complexity, this study aims to secure optimal performance and safety in the challenging terrain within the agricultural landscape by providing valuable insights to improve tractor safety measures.

• 한국해안·해양공학회논문집
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.50-60
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• 2024

우리나라 해안공학계에서 신뢰성 기반설계가 빠르게 체화되는 계기를 제공하기 위해 다 수의 한계상태를 지닌 직립방파제 신뢰성 해석과 신뢰성 기반 최적 설계를 우리나라를 대표하는 항이 운영 중인 부산, 군산 전면해역을 대상으로 수행하였다. 이 과정에서 상당한 정도의 신뢰성 해석을 수행하기 위해, 특정 재현 빈도의 설계 파 사용은 지양하였으며, 직립방파제의 파괴 여부를 결정하는 확률변수인 파력, 양력, 전도 모멘트에 내재한 불확실성은 장기 파랑 관측자료를 빈도 해석하여 얻은 확률모형을 사용하여 기술하였다. 직립식 방파제의 한계상태는 활동, 전도, 지지력을 고려하여 세 개로 구성하였으며, 파력과 양력, 모멘트 사이의 밀접한 상관성은 Nataf 결합확률분포를 사용하여 기술하였다. 모의 결과, 쉽게 예상해볼 수 있듯 활동만을 고려하는 경우 파괴확률이 과소하게 산출되는것을 확인하였으며, 특정 재현 빈도에 근거한 설계 파랑으로는 방파제 파괴확률을 일정하게 담보할 수 없다는 것을 확인하였다. 이에 비해 신뢰 지수가 𝛽 = 3.5~4를 충족하도록 최적 설계된 방파제는 두 해역에서 모두 균질한 파괴확률을 확보하는 것으로 모의 되었다.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2004년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.1057-1060
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• 2004

In this study, the wear characteristics of five different dental composite resins cured by conventional halogen light and LED light sources were investigated. Five different dental composite resins of Surefil, Z100, Dyract AP, Fuji II LC and Compoglass were worn against a zirconia ceramic ball using a pin-on-disk type wear tester with 15 N contact force in a reciprocal sliding motion with sliding distance of 10 mm/cycle at 1Hz under the room temperature dry condition. The wear variations of dental composite resins were linearly increased as the number of cycles increased. It was observed that the wear resistances of these specimens were in the order of Dyract AP ＆gt; Surefil ＆gt; Compoglass ＆gt; Z100 ＆gt; Fuji II LC. On the morphological observations by SEM, the large crack formation on the sliding track of Fuji II LC specimen was the greatest among all resin composites. Dyract AP showed the least wear with few surface damage. There is no significant difference in wear performance between conventional halogen light curing and light emitting diodes curing sources. It indicates that a light emitting diodes (LED) source can replace a halogen light source as a curing unit for composite resin restorations.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.315-329
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• 2013

The construction of an experimental nonlinear structural model with little cost and unlimited repeatability for vibration control study represents a challenging task, especially for material nonlinearity. This paper reports the design, analysis and vibration control of a nonlinear structural experiment platform with adjustable hinges. In our approach, magnetorheological rotary brakes are substituted for the joints of a frame structure to simulate the nonlinear material behaviors of plastic hinges. For vibration control, a separate magnetorheological damper was employed to provide semi-active damping force to the nonlinear structure. A dynamic neural network was designed as a state observer to enable the feedback based semi-active vibration control. Based on the dynamic neural network observer, an adaptive fuzzy sliding mode based output control was developed for the magnetorheological damper to suppress the vibrations of the structure. The performance of the intelligent control algorithm was studied by subjecting the structure to shake table experiments. Experimental results show that the magnetorheological rotary brake can simulate the nonlinearity of the structural model with good repeatability. Moreover, different nonlinear behaviors can be achieved by controlling the input voltage of magnetorheological rotary damper. Different levels of nonlinearity in the vibration response of the structure can be achieved with the above adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control algorithm using a dynamic neural network observer.

• KSTLE International Journal
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.60-67
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• 2002

Wear on the tube-to-spring contact is investigated experimentally, The vibration of the tube causes the wear while the springs support it As for the supporting conditions, the contacting normal farce of 5 N,0 N and the gap of 0.1 mm are applied. The gap condition is for considering the influence of simultaneous impacting and sliding on wear. The wear volume and depth decreases in the order of the 5 N,0 N and the gap conditions. This is explained from the contact geometry of the spring, which is convex of smooth contour, The contact shear force is regarded smaller in the case of the gap existence compared with the other conditions. The wear mechanism is considered from SEM observation of the worn surface. The variation of the normal contact traction is analysed using the finite element analysis to estimate the slip displacement range on the contact with consulting the fretting map.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.525-533
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• 1998

A conventional contact type brake system which uses a hydraulic system has mny Problems such as time delay response due to pressure build-up, brake pad wear due to contact movement, bulky size, and low braking performance in high speed region. As vehicle speed increases, a more powerful brake system is required to ensure vehicle safety and reliability. In this work, a contactless brake system of an eddy current type is proposed to overcome problems. Optimal torque control which minimizes a braking distance is investigated with a scaled-down model of an eddy current type brake. It is possible to realize optimal torque control when a maximum friction coefficient (or desired slip ratio) corresponding to road condition is maintained. Braking force analysis for a scaled-down model is done theoretically and experimentally compensated. To accomplish optimal torque control of an eddy current type brake system, a sliding mode control technique which is, one of the robust nonlinear control technique is developed. Robustness of the sliding mode controller is verified by investigating the braking performance when friction coefficient is varied. Simulation and experimental results will be presented to show that it has superior performance compared to the conventional method.