• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.158-168
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• 2014

Objectives: To identify and evaluate the trend of meal-skipping rates among Korean adolescents with their contributing causes and the influence of household income level on meal skipping. Methods: Using 2008, 2010, and 2012 data from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey of 222 662 students, a cross-sectional study with subgroup analysis was performed. We calculated odds ratios for skipping each meal 5 or more times in a week by household socio-economic status using a multiple logistic regression model. The secular change in the meal-skipping rates by the students' family affluence scale was analyzed by comparing the meal-skipping students within each subgroup and odds ratios for the same event over time. Results: Through 2008 to 2012, most of the meal-skipping rates generally showed a continuous increase or were almost unchanged in both sexes, except for breakfast skipping in several subgroups. Students in low-income households not living with both parents had the highest meal-skipping rates and odds ratios for frequent meal skipping. In a time-series subgroup analysis, the overall odds ratios for the same event increased during 2008 to 2012, with a slight reduction in the gap between low and higher income levels with regard to meal skipping during 2010 to 2012. Conclusions: Household socio-economic status and several other factors had a significant influence on Korean adolescent meal-skipping rates. Although the gap in eating behavior associated with household socio-economic differences is currently decreasing, further study and appropriate interventions are needed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.30-36
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• 1975

Distortions are analyzed and compared for two TDM channel expansion methods- periodic sample skipping and sampling frequency reduction. Signal is assumed to be stationary random signal with zero.mean. Channel noise and interference are not considered in the analysis. For speech signal, it is shown that the periodic sample skipping method could be a better choice under practical design constraints.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.100-106
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• 2008

We examined dietary habits, food intakes, health status, and school and community life of meal skipping children, and investigated factors predicting meal skipping of children. A sample was composed of 944 children in low-income families who were provided with public meal service. The sample was obtained from the Survey of Meal Service for Poor Children conducted by the Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs in 2007. Meal skipping was significantly associated with a lower nutrition and health status, and poor school performance of children, as hypothesized. The school age of child, family structure, region, job of caretaker, concern about diet, and the child's visit to welfare center significantly predicted frequency of meal skipping. We suggested a few implications for community practice to reduce meal skipping of children.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.1238-1241
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• 2018

In this paper, MNIST classification CNN with zero skipping is implemented. Activation of CNN results in 30% to 40% zero. Since 0 does not affect the MAC operation, skipping 0 through a branch can improve performance. However, at the convolution layer, skipping over a branch causes a performance degradation. Accordingly, in the convolution layer, an operation is skipped by giving a NOP that does not affect the operation. Fully connected layer is skipped through the branch. We have seen performance improvements of about 1.5 times that of existing CNN.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.209-217
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• 2010

This study was performed to examine dietary habits, nutrition knowledge and dietary behaviors of elementary school students by sex and skipping breakfast. The subjects were 3rd grade elementary school students in Ulsan area (total 1,349; 734 males and 615 females). The skipping breakfast group were 215 students, 15.4% of total subjects. Major reasons for skipping breakfast were 'have no time' 27.8%, 'no appetite' 26.9%, 'over sleeping' 14.9%. Females and eating breakfast group had better dietary habits than males and skipping breakfast group. The scores of nutrition knowledge of females were higher than those of males. The dietary behaviors scores of eating breakfast group were higher than those of skipping the breakfast categories. Our results showed that these difference by sex and skipping breakfast in dietary habits, nutrition knowledges, dietary behaviors should be considered in developing of nutrition education program for low-grade elementary school students.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.191-205
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• 2010

This study investigated the rates and reasons for breakfast skipping according to gender, age, and lifestyle related factors in Korean adults. The survey was conducted using questionnaires and the subjects included 1148 male and female adults aged 19-64. The rate of breakfast skipping (frequency of eating breakfast under 4 times/week) was 41.20% of the total subjects. The breakfast skipping rate of the male subjects was significantly higher than that of the female subjects (p < 0.001). As age and household income decreased, the breakfast skipping rate increased. Residents in small cities more frequently skipped breakfast than those in larger cities. The main reason for breakfast skipping was "lack of time for the preparation and consumption of food" and this reason was especially higher for office workers and younger adults among the participants. In addition, the proportion of habitual breakfast skippers increased with age. Among the answers regarding the person who prepares breakfast in their households, the highest proportion was for "family members" in the males and "myself" for the females. Of breakfast skippers, 77.63% answered that they consumed breakfast substitutes such as breads, dairy and fruits/vegetables. To summarize the results, the gender, age and lifestyle factors of adults were significantly related to the rates and reasons for breakfast skipping. Therefore, to reduce breakfast skipping in Korean adults, a differentiated nutritional education approach relative to gender, age, and lifestyle is needed along with the development of balanced breakfast substitutes.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 2017

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of rope-skipping exercise on body composition and basic physical fitness in healthy subjects: a randomized control trial. Method : Twenty two subjects were randomly allocated to two groups: rope-skipping group (n=11) and control group (n=11). The rope-skipping group participated in rope-skipping exercise for 30 minutes a day, three days a week for four weeks. Body composition was measured using the subjects' weight, body mass index (BMI), and waistline. Basic Physical fitness was measured flexibility and agility. Result : The rope-skipping showed significant differences in waistline and agility. The control group showed no significant differences. There were significant difference in agility between the rope-skipping and the control group. Conclusion : The rope-skipping exercise increased waistline and agility in healthy subjects. Additional research on rope-skipping exercise for improving body composition and basic physical fitness is need.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.451-462
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• 2016

Objectives: This study was designed with the goal of understanding the factors affecting the frequency of skipping meals of prime-aged mothers with children as well as their nutritional status. Methods: Utilizing data from the 2010-2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey, the frequency of skipping meals of mothers aged between 30 to 49 years with children aged between 3 to 11 years during a two day period was statistically analyzed. The number of meals skipped calculated and categorized into skipping no meals, skipping one meal, skipping two meals or more. Results: Compared to subjects who corresponded to mean nutrient adequacy ratio(MAR) of 4 quartile, subjects who corresponded to MAR of 2 quartile had 2.766 (95% CI: 1.552-4.931) probability of being in the 1 meal skippers group, while the probability of being in the more than 2 meals skippers group was 2.743(95% CI: 1.353-5.564). Also, compared to subjects who corresponded to MAR of 4 quartile, subjects who corresponded to MAR of 1 quartile had 3.471 (95% CI: 1.871-6.442) probability of being in the 1 meal skippers group, while the odds ratio for being in the more than 2 meals skippers group was 5.258(95% CI: 2.642-10.466). Conclusions: The results have the advantage of being generalized because the study selected subjects from probability sampling of the female population of Korea. The research results showed that the elements influencing skipping meals of prime-aged mothers with children were mean nutrient adequacy ratio and the number of nutrients, under estimated average requirement intake, and others. Therefore, to encourage dietary behaviors in the right direction, an integrated approach that considers the associated factors must be realized. Future studies are needed to understand how the frequency of skipping meals of mothers affects their children.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to examine relationships between breakfast skipping and ecological factors related to eating practice. Participants were 537 children (male: 274, female: 263) from two elementary schools in Kyunggi-do (School A) and Seoul (School B). Analysis included cross-tabulation of demographics, factors related to eating practice and weight status, frequency of breakfast skipping and types of breakfast and the number of foods at breakfast by schools. Logistic regression were conducted to identify the factors associated with breakfast skipping. Children in school B showed higher socioeconomic status by living environment and the type of fathers' job than those in school A. Eighty six percent of children in school B and 75% in school A ate breakfast 5 times and more per week. School and father's occupation differences correlated with the frequency of breakfast, but not mother's employ status was not. After controlling school. type of father's job, mother's employ status, eating breakfast 5 times and more was associated with eating with other family members, feeling hungry before breakfast, normal weight status, eating Korean traditional meal type and number of food eaten at breakfast. The results stress the need for intervention programs aimed at decreased skipping breakfast among elementary school children. While programs need to reach all children skipping breakfast, approaches need to be suitable to in particular those from low socioeconomic backgrounds.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.488-495
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• 2004

Purpose: This study is a descriptive study to contribute to children health improvement by finding out the actual state of breakfast and related features of skipping breakfast. Method: The subjects of this study were 724 children. The collected data were analyzed through real numbers, percentage, mean and standard deviation, cross tabulation, χ2-test and t-test using the SPSS WIN 10.0. Result: The rate of the children's skipping breakfast recorded 48.6%. Related Factors to skipping breakfast were sex, income, mother's education level and father's education level. 53.1% of girls skipped breakfast. In case of the group their family's income was over 3 million won/month andtheir father graduated college, the rate of skipping breakfast was low significantly. In groups having breast with rice, soup and side dishes, getting up before 7 A.M. and having good eating habit, the rate of skipping breakfast was low significantly. Conclusion: It is necessary to induce a desirable breakfast habit by health education about the importance and necessity of breakfast. Therefore, it is supposed that parents should pay attention to their children to form the right eating habits and encourage them not to skip breakfast.