• Toxicological Research
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.267-273
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• 2002

Fructose 1,6-diphosphate(FDP), a glycolytic metabolite, is reported to ameliorate inflammation and inhibit the nitric oxide production in murine macrophages stimulated with endotoxin. It is also reported that FDP has cytoprotective effects against hypoxia or ischemia/reperfusion injury in brain and heart, and may play a protective role in ultraviolet B (UVB, 280~320 nm)-injured keratinocyte by attenuating prostaglandin (PG)-E$_2$production and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression, which are possibly through blocking the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Therefore FDP is considered to act as a potent antioxidant especially in the skin. We conducted the several safety tests (single-dose toxicity, primary skin irritation test, eye irritation test, skin sensitization test, phototoxicity test, photosenitization test and human patch test) to see if FDP is safe in case used for the skin application. Our data obtained hitherto suggest that FDP is very safe if applied to the skin.

• 생약학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.119-121
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• 1976

To investigate untoward effects which might be produced by local application of Ginseng saponin, sensitization test and eye irritation test were performed in guinea pigs and rabbits. Any reaction on the skin was not found at a dose of 0.1ml of 0.1% solution in sensitization test. Instillation of Ginseng saponin (0.1ml of 1.0% and 10% soultion) into the right eye of rabbits, did not produce any irritation. Median lethal dose of the total saponin in mouse was 695 mg/kg by i.p. and 1490mg/kg by s.c. injection.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.205-209
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• 1998

To evaluate immunotoxicity of skin decontamination kit(SDK) newly-developed in Agency for Defense Development(ADD), delayed contact hypersensitivity (maximization) test and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis(PCA) test of SDK were performed and the results were compared with those of M 291. In maximization test, sensitization reaction was induced by id injection (2.5 mg / 0.1 $\textrm{m}{\ell}$/ guinea pig or 2.5 mg+CFA/0.1 $\textrm{m}{\ell}$/guinea pig) and topical application (2.5 mg/$\textrm{m}{\ell}$/guinea pig) with SDK or M291 at an interval of 1 week, and 2 weeks later, challenged by topical application with 25 mg/$\textrm{m}{\ell}$/guinea pig. SDK and M291 did not induce any reactions, showing 0 point of sensitization score and 0% of sensitization rate. In conclusion, it is suggested that SDK and M291 do not induce delayed contact hypersensitivity. In PCA test, rats were administered id with mouse anti-SDK serum and challenged iv with a mixture of antigen SDK and Evan's blue. SDK did not induce blue spots at the injection sites of both high (2.5 mg/mouse) and low (1.25 mg/mouse) dose-induced antisera. In contrast, BSA, positive control produced spots larger than 5 mm in diameter at the injection sites of BSA-induced antiserum up to $2^2$ ~ $2^4$dilution. In conclusion, it is suggested that SDK do not induce IgE production and is not a PCA-reaction inducer.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.159-173
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• 2016

Crickets have been attracting considerable interest in the field of nutrition and toxicology due to the global exhaustion of food resulting from a growing population. The cricket is normally eaten in several countries after roasting, similar to the grasshopper; however, safety evaluation data on cricket powder is limited. Here, we performed general toxicity studies of cricket powder including a single, 2-week repeated dose range evaluation test, a 13-week repeated oral dose toxicity test in Sprague-Dawley rats, a single oral dose toxicity test in Beagle dogs, and a skin sensitization test in guinea pigs following the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development test guidelines 406 and 408 in addition to Good Laboratory Practice. To investigate the NOAEL and target organs of cricket powder, Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated to 4 groups: vehicle control, 1,250 mg/kg, 2,500 mg/kg, 5,000 mg/kg dose test groups and cricket powder was administered over 13 weeks after single dose and dose range finding studies in rats based on the results of the single oral administration toxicity study in rats and Beagle dogs. The results of the study showed that the NOAEL of cricket powder was over 5,000 mg/kg for both sexes of rats without adverse effects in a 13-week repeated oral toxicity study and there was no skin hypersensitivity reaction. Therefore, our results reveal that crickets can be widely used as a new substitute food or nutrient resource.

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.296-302
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• 2002

In recent years, the safety of sunscreens have been challenged based on the reports of its adverse effects on users; dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, photoallergic contact dermatitis. In the toxicological aspect, the need to investigate the safety of sunscreens is steadily increasing. However, there were few studies on the correlation between sun protection factor (SPF) and the safety of sunscreens. The objective of this study was to assess whether there was a correlation between SPF and the skin irritation index of sunscreens. Octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC) was selected, which was the most frequently used (about 92% in korea and about 90% in the world) in sunscreens. In vitro SPF test was performed using the standard samples recommended by KFDA guideline. We examined primary and cumulative skin irritation and eye irritation of OMC standard sample as well as homosalate. As in vitro SPF was increased, skin irritation index was increased in primary skin irritation test ($r^2$=0.986) and cumulative skin irritation test ($r^2$=0.939). In addition, OMC was non-irritating and non-sensitizing. In this results, there was a good correlation between SPF index and skin irritation index.

• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국독성학회 2002년도 Current Trends in Toxicological Sciences
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• pp.138-138
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• 2002

In recent years, the safety of sunscreens has been challenged based on the reports of its adverse effect on users; dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, photoallergic contact dermatitis. To investigate a correlation between sun protection factor (SPF) and the safety of sunscreens, we measured in vitro SPF index using homosalate as a standard and examined the toxicity tests on cosmetics; primary and cumulative skin irritation tests, ocular irritation test, and skin sensitization test.(omitted)

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제24권11호
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• pp.1492-1499
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• 2021

Skin prick test is widely used in diagnosing allergic sensitization to common inhalant or food allergens, in which positivities are manually determined by calculating the areas or mean diameters of wheals and erythemas provoked by allergens pricked into patients' skin. In this work, we propose a segmentation algorithm over U-Net, one of the FCN models of deep learning, to help us more objectively grasp the erythema boundaries. The performance of the model is analyzed by comparing the results of automatic segmentation of the test data to U-Net with the results of manual segmentation. As a result, the average Dice coefficient value was 94.93%, the average precision and sensitivity value was 95.19% and 95.24% respectively. We find that the proposed algorithm effectively discriminates the skin's erythema boundaries. We expect this algorithm to play an auxiliary role in skin prick test in real clinical trials in the future.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.300-306
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• 2021

Chronic ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes photoaging, which represents skin damage, disrupts skin barrier function, and promotes wrinkle formation. We investigated that the polysaccharide extract of an edible basidiomycetous white jelly mushroom, Tremella fuciformis, (TF-Glucan^®) exhibited statistically photoprotective activity by inhibiting matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) and increasing collagen synthesis, and an anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines at the concentrations of less than 1000 ㎍/ml, which is not cytotoxic (p < 0.05). Additionally, TF-Glucan^® increased the expression of involucrin and filaggrin to prevent the disruption of UVB-induced barrier function (p < 0.05). TF-Glucan^® was assessed as a safe material by the human primary skin irritation (1, 3, 5%), human repeated insult patch test (no sensitization at 5%), 3T3 NRU phototoxicity assay (no phototoxicity, PIF < 2, MPE < 0.1), eye irritation test test by BCOP (no category, IVIS ≤ 3) and local lymph node assay (negative at 10, 25, 50%) for identifying potential skin sensitizing. These results suggest that TF-Glucan^® may be useful as an anti-photoaging ingredient for developing cosmeceuticals.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.370-375
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• 2003

목 적 : 출생 후 영아기에 알레르겐에 대한 노출 여부가 추후 감작과 알레르기질환의 발생에 중요한 것으로 알려져 왔다. 우리나라에서는 집먼지진드기가 알레르기질환의 주요 흡입 알레르겐으로, 집먼지진드기 항원량은 계절적으로 가을에 가장 높은 것으로 보고되었다. 이에 저자들은 소아 호흡기 알레르기 환자에서 집먼지진드기에 대한 감작 여부에 따라서 출생 월 분포의 차이가 있는지 알아보기 위해 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법 : 1995년 1월부터 2002년 5월까지 만성 호흡기 증상으로 서울대학교병원 어린이병원을 방문하여 알레르기 피부단자시험과 메타콜린 유발시험을 시행 받은 환아 1,327명을 대상으로 집먼지진드기에 대한 감작 여부와 출생 월을 조사하여, 집먼지진드기 감작 유무에 따라 출생 월 분포를 비교하였다. 결 과 : 한 가지 이상의 알레르겐에 피부시험 양성을 보인 아토피군은 864명(65.1%)이고 비아토피군은 463명(34.9%)이었다. 아토피군에서 집먼지진드기에 양성을 보인 환아의 수는 787명(91.1%)이고 집먼지진드기를 제외한 나머지 피부시약에 양성반응을 보인 수는 77명(8.9%)이었다. 집먼지진드기 아토피군과 비아토피군의 출생 월별 분포를 기대 환자수와 비교했을 때 집먼지진드기 알레르기를 가진 환아들은 계절적으로 8월에서 11월까지 기대 환자수 보다 유의하게 많이 출생하였고(P=0.03) 비아토피군에서는 상기와 같은 출생 월 분포를 보이지 않았다. 천식으로 진단된 환아는 총 543명(40.9%)이었고 이중 아토피성 천식 환아는 421명(77.5%)이었고 비아토피성 천식 환아가 122명(22.5 %)이었다. 아토피성 천식 환아 중 집먼지진드기 아토피성인 환아는 387명(91.9%)이었다. 집먼지진드기 아토피성 천식과 비아토피성 천식 환아에서 출생 월의 계절별 비교에서 8월에서 11월까지 집먼지진드기 아토피성 천식 환아가 비아토피성 천식 환아보다 유의하게 많이 출생하였다(P=0.002). 결 론 : 출생 월은 알레르겐에 대한 감작 여부에 연관이 있는 것으로 보이며, 우리나라에서는 8월에서 11월까지의 출생이 집먼지진드기에 대한 감작의 위험이 큰 시기로 보인다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.103-117
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• 2019

The mixture of 5-chloro-2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one (CMIT) and 2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one (MIT), CMIT/MIT, is a preservative in cosmetics. CMIT/MIT is a highly effective preservative; however, it is also a commonly known skin sensitizer. Therefore, in the present study, a risk assessment for safety management of CMIT/MIT was conducted on products containing 0.0015% of CMIT/MIT, which is the maximum MIT level allowed in current products. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for CMIT/MIT was 2.8 mg/kg bw/day obtained from a two-generation reproductive toxicity test, and the skin sensitization toxicity standard value for CMIT/MIT, or the no expected sensitization induction level (NESIL), was $1.25{\mu}g/cm^2/day$ in humans. According to a calculation of body exposure to cosmetics use, the systemic exposure dosage (SED) was calculated as 0.00423 mg/kg bw/day when leave-on and rinse-off products were considered. Additionally, the consumer exposure level (CEL) amounted to $0.77512{\mu}g/cm^2/day$ for all representative cosmetics and $0.00584{\mu}g/cm^2/day$ for rinse-off products only. As a result, the non-cancer margin of safety (MOS) was calculated as 633, and CMIT/MIT was determined to be safe when all representative cosmetics were evaluated. In addition, the skin sensitization acceptable exposure level (AEL)/CEL was calculated as 0.00538 for all representative cosmetics and 2.14225 for rinse-off products; thus, CMIT/MIT was considered a skin sensitizer when all representative cosmetics were evaluated. Current regulations indicate that CMIT/MIT can only be used at concentrations 0.0015% or less and is prohibited from use in other cosmetics products. According to the results of this risk assessment, the CMIT/MIT regulatory values currently used in cosmetics are evaluated as appropriate.