• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.15-29
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to understand the relationship among knowledge, attitude, and behavior of dental personnel about the defense against dental radiation according to general features, and help them recognize the importance of defense against dental radiation. A questionnaire survey of 187 dental personnel who were working in 121 medical institutions such as university hospitals, general hospitals, hospitals, clinics, and public health centers in Seoul area was conducted from December 2002 to January 2003. Study findings are as follows: 1. The average knowledge score for the defense of radiation was 9.51(full score=14): By the demographic features, the know level for the defense of radiation was appeared to be different with the occupational category, age, academic background, workplace, year of working, and whether having the education of radiation or not. By questionnaire items, the knowledge for the defense of radiation was high in general, but for the item. 'the average amount of being bombed with radiation according occupations cannot be over 20mSv in a year for prescribed 5 years'. it was 18.7%: and for the item. 'the longer the length between focus and film. the less the amount of skin exposure', it was 40.6%. showing less knowledge for these two items. 2. The average attitude score for the defense of radiation was 64.24 (full score=75): By the demographic features, the attitude score was higher with respondents who were 31-35 years old. 11-15 years of working. and having radiation education. The attitude score by questionnaire items was generally high for all the items. 3. The average behavior score for the defense of radiation was 45.43: (a) By the demographic features, the behavior score for the defense of radiation was appeared to be higher with respondents who were dentists for occupational category, the aged for age, holding higher diploma for academic background, working in the university hospitals for workplace, and having longer occupational career for the year of working. (b) The behavior score for the defense of radiation by questionnaire items was lower than that of the attitude score for all the items. For the item, 'the amount of X-ray radiation is adjusted according to such conditions as patients' age, radiating areas, and kind of films', the score was 4.03; and for the item, 'Must receive the education of safety management of radiation periodically', the score was 1.73 and it was the lowest one. 4. As for the correlation among the knowledge, attitude, and behavior for the defense of radiation, the higher the level of knowledge and attitude, the higher the level of behavior.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.390-404
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• 1993

The purpose of this paper is to determine the percentage of body fat by measurement of skin-fold thickness of the triceps and the subscapular area to investigate the relationship between the daily energy intake and expenditure among obese women and nonobese women based on the percentage of body fat and age. This survey included 422 females in Cheju. 1) The age distribution of the 422 females surveyed was : 26.8% were in their 20's, 20.6% in their 30's, 21.3% in their 40's, 19.0% in their 50's and 12.3% were above 60 years of age. The 422 females consisted consisted of 78% housewives, 12.8% college student and 9.2% single working women. 2) The average height and weight of the surveyed women were respecitively 159.0$\pm$4.2cm and 56.0$\pm$7.2kg, the percentage of body fat of the surveyed women was 24.8$\pm$9.8%, and the BMI of those surveyed was 22.7$\pm$2.7. If higher than 30% body fat was defined as being obese, 15.6% of the surveyed women were assessed to be obese. 3) Total daily food consumption and energy intake of the group of women aged 60 and older was significantly small. Food consumption and nutrient intake of obese women was greater than that of the nonobese group, but not significant. Carbohydrate intake of the obese group in their 40's was significantly higher than the nonobese group. Total food consumption, energy and carbohydrate intake of the obese group in their 50's was significantly higher than the nonobese group. Vegetable intake of the obese group in their 60's and older was significantly higher than the nonobese group. 4) The total time of physiological activity of women aged 60 and older was significantly higher than for the other age groups and the total work time was significantly lower. The total work time of women in their 20's was not lower than the other groups. Considering the low energy expenditure of physical activity for women in their 20's, they appeared to have light activity. However, there was not a significant difference in the physical activity time among middle aged women groups(from 30 to 50). The entire energy expenditure of the obese group was greater than the nonobese group. However, the energy expenditure per body weight in the obese group was significantly less than that of the nonobese group in terms of the basal metabolic rate in consideration of the fat free mass. 5) There was a positive correlation between the percentage of body fat and the factors of age, sleeping time, total time of physiological activity, housework time, time spent watching TV, energy expenditure, energy intake, carbohydrate and cereal consumption. On the other hand, the percentage of body fat was negatively correlated with energy expenditure per body weight based on the basal metabolic rate in consideration of the free mass.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.8-17
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• 1976

This study was carried out to estimate the minimum protein requirement for the Korean college girls, and to see the effect of carbohydrate intake on the minimum protein requirement in the rat. In the first experiment, three students attending Ewha Womans University were given protein free diet for 7 days while caloric intake were adjusted to maintain constant body weight. Endogenous nitrogen excretion was measured to estimate their minimum protein requirement. Second experiment was carried out in 3 parts to find out the effect of carbohydrate intake on the minimum protein requirement using 15 female, 50 days old rats weighing 120g. Inexperiment 2-1, the rats were fed protein free diet for 9 days and endogenous nitrogen excretion was measured to determine the minimum protein requirement of the rats. In experiment 2-2, the minimum casein requirement of the rats needed to maintain nitrogen equilibrium was estimated by the least squares regression method feeding 3 different levels of casein determined from the result of experiment 2-1. Finally, in experiment 2-3, the rats were given the minimum casein requirement for 7 days with 3 different levels of carbohydrate to find out the effect of carbohydrate intake on the nitrogen balance. The results of this study were as follows. Experiment I. Daily endogenous nitrogen losses of 3 college girls were 1.89g in urine, 1.10g in feces and 0.0108g from skin since the total daily endogenous nitrogen loss was 3.0g and the total daily nitrogen intake was 0.52g, the minimum nitrogen requirement of these subjects was about 2.48g/day (15.5g protein/day). Experiment II. Experiment 2-1: daily endogenous nitrogen losses of the rats fed protein free diet were $22.63{\pm}0.48\;mg$ through urine and $13.12{\pm}0.47\;mg$ in feces. The total daily endogenous nitrogen ouput was $35.71{\pm}1.27\;mg$ and the minimum protein requirement of the rats was 225mg/day in this study. Experiment 2-2: the minimum casein requirement needed to maintain the rats in nitrogen equilibrium was determined to be 340mg/day. Experiment 2-3: the rats were given 350mg/day casein with 3 different levels of carbohydrate (12,26 or 46 Cal by sugar-cornstarch mixture). The nitrogen balances were measured to be +0.0021, +0.0073 and +0.0143 respectively and there were significant differences among 3 groups.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.943-948
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in surface dose due to increased scattering of gamma rays from patients injected with ^99mTc and ¹⁸F, which are radioactive isotopes, in close contact with materials with high atomic number such as the walls of the stable room. Prepare ^99mTc and ¹⁸F by injecting 20 and 10 mCi respectively into the NEMA phantom, and then measuring the surface dose for 60 minutes by positioning the phantom at a height of 1 m above the surface, at a distance of 0, 5 and 10 cm from the wall, and at the same location as the phantom facing the wall. Each experiment was repeated five times for reproducibility of the experiment and one way analysis of variability (ANOVA) was performed for significance testing and Tukey was used as a post-test. The study found that surface doses of 220.268, 287.121, 243.957, and 226.272 mGy were measured at ^99mTc, respectively, in the case of empty space and in the case of 0, 5 and 10 cm, while those of ¹⁸F were measured at 637.111, 724.469, 657.107, and 640.365 mGy, respectively. In order to reduce changes in surface dose depending on the patient's location while waiting, it is necessary to keep the distance from the ground or the wall where the patient is closely adhered to, or install an air mattress, etc., to prevent the scattered lines as much as possible, considering the scattered lines due to the wall etc. in future setup of the patient waiting room and safety room, and in addition to the examination, the external skin width may be reduced.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.165-171
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• 2021

To prevent the secondary hospital-acquired infection (cross-infection) from occurring in the general radiographic room in the department of radiology, the microbial measurement was conducted at the points making direct close contact with radiologists and patients. For the case of radiologists, the microbial measurement and incubation were focused on the x-ray tube handle of the radiation generating device, and, for the case of patients, the microbial measurement and incubation were focused on the chin supporting device, chest-contact point, and handle. Once disinfected with Aniosurf, the sterilized media were gathered and identified, and the microorganisms were confirmed. Based on the identification results, it was confirmed that the points making direct close contact with radiologists showed a value of 103 CFU for Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus spp. and Candida spp., and that the points making direct close contact with patients showed a value of 103~5 CFU for Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcu faecium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, NTM(Non-Tuberculosis Mycobacteria) and Candida spp.. It was also confirmed that the types and number of microorganisms gathered from the points making direct close contact with patients were greater. Fortunately, most of the involved microorganisms were observed to be on the skin surface and are known to become extinct when disinfected in accordance with the hospital-acquired infection control rules. However, since even minor exposure to such microorganisms may be lethal for patients with reduced immunity, caution must be taken. In particular, since the points making contact with patients showed a high level of microbial measurement, it was thought that it would be necessary for radiologists and personnel having frequent access to strictly disinfect the parts, such as instruments and handles, making frequent contact with patients. The purpose of this study was to announce the importance of safe microbial control in the radiographic inspection room in hospital, and this study is expected to be used as the baseline data for preventing hospital-acquired secondary infection and Nth infectious diseases.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.444-448
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• 2018

From January 2 to December 30, 2017, out of 691 children diagnosed with dermatophytoses infection, 179 children had infections caused by Trichophyton among the total 13,093 patients who visited the Dermatology department. According to a survey, the patients included 317 adolescents, 203 elementary school age children, and 171 infants. In seasonal variation, the diagnosis was higher in summer (195 cases, 28%) and winter (191, 28%) and comparatively lower in spring (165, 24%) and autumn (140, 20%). The infection among the patients was caused by, from maximum to minimum, T. pedis (351, 51%), T. corporis (91, 13%), and T. unguinum (77, 11%). In all age groups, the highest number of patients were infected with T. pedis. After T. pedis, in descending order, the infection was caused by T. corporis, T. unguinum, T. manus and Tinea capitis in the infants and elementary school age children and by T. corporis, T. unguinum and T. cruris in adolescents. Among infections caused by Trichophyton, T. rubrum was the highest isolated causative agent. This data analysis confirmed the distribution of dermatophytoses and the different species according to paediatric age and will aid the study of paediatric dermatomycosis through continuous research.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.26-33
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• 2019

Recently, the rapid growth of the companion animal market has led to the development of animal disease diagnosis kits. Therefore, the utility of the introduction of biomarkers for the development of animal molecular diagnostics is being reevaluated. A good biomarker should be precise and reliable, distinguish between normal and diseased states, and differentiate between different diseases. Recently reported genetic markers, tumor markers (cell free DNA, circulating tumor cells, granzyme, and skin tumors), and others (brucellosis, programmed death recovery-1, symmetric dimethylarginine, periostin, and cysteinyl leukotrien) have been developed. The biomarkers are used for risk prediction or for the screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of disease progression. The most important criteria for related biomarkers are disease specificity. Many potential biomarkers have emerged from laboratory and test studies, but they have not been validated in independent or large-scale clinical studies. Candidate biomarkers evaluate disease associations, verify the effectiveness of biomarkers for early detection and disease progression, and incorporate them into humans and animals. In the future, it will be necessary to reevaluate the utility of well-structured biomarker-based research and study the development of kits that can be used in on-site tests in accordance with the trends introduced in the diagnosis of animal diseases.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.12-17
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• 2019

Purpose: This study examined the clinical outcomes and usefulness of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) injections as an option in the conservative treatment of patients with lateral malleolar bursitis of the ankle. Materials and Methods: A total of 27 patients (27 ankles), in whom TA injection had been performed between March 2016 and June 2017, were reviewed retrospectively. After the aspiration of fluid in the lateral malleolar bursal sac, 1 mL (40 mg) of TA was injected into the malleolar bursal sac. After the injection, the ankle was compressed with an elastic cohesive bandage for 2 to 4 weeks. The clinical outcomes and side effects were evaluated at the following time points: 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year after TA injection therapy. The responses to treatment were assessed according to the degree of fluctuation, shrinkage of the bursal sac, and soft tissue swelling. Results: The mean age was 62.1 years (range, 41~81 years); there were 19 males and 8 females. Complete resolution was observed in 26 patients (96.3%) after the first or second application of a TA injection, and a partial response was observed in 1 patient (3.7%) after the first TA injection. The physical component scores of Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form Health Survey improved from 71.1 to 76.0 at the last follow-up (p=0.001). Associated complications were 1 patient (3.7%) with skin atrophy and 3 patients (11.1%) with transient hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: TA injection is a useful and safe procedure for patients not responding to the usual conservative treatment of lateral malleolar bursitis of the ankle.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 2019

Portulaca oleracea L. (PL) has been used in traditional medicine herb for treatment of various diseases, such as diarrhea, dysentery, and skin inflammation. Previous studies have shown that the PL regulates the inflammation by inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Although PL might have improvement effects of intestinal function and bioactive effects, there are not enough studies to demonstrate. This study investigated the effects of KDC16-2 on the improvement of intestinal function and anti-inflammatory effects in vivo and in vitro. The improvement effect of intestinal function was measured fecal amount, water content and intestinal transit rate in KDC16-2 treated ICR mice. As results, compared with the control group, the KDC16-2 group showed a significant increase in wet fecal weight, dry fecal weight and fecal water content. The intestinal transit rate of KDC16-2 group was significantly increased. Based on the results, KDC16-2 is considered to have effects on improving intestinal function. The effect of anti-inflammatory demonstrated by using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice. The mice were administered 3% DSS along with KDC16-2 (100, 300 mg/kg) for 14 days. DSS-induced colitis mice were significantly ameliorated in KDC16-2 treated group, including body weight loss, colon length shortening, tight junction protein of colon and histological colon injury. The levels of inflammatory mediators (IgG2a, IgA, C-reactive protein and Myeloperoxidase) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, Interleukin (IL)-6) which are involved in inflammatory responses were increased in the DSS-treated group as compared to those in the control group, and the levels were significantly decreased in the KDC16-2 groups. In addition, we investigated the impact of KDC16-2 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in J774A.1 cells. KDC16-2 inhibited production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). These results suggested that the KDC16-2 could effectively alleviate the dysfunction of intestinal and inflammatory mediators. Thus, these KDC16-2 can be potentially used as health functional food of intestinal.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.227-233
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• 2021

Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and ubiquitous environmental toxin with known harmful effects to human health. Abnormal phenotypes of keratinocytes are closely associated with their exposure to B[a]P. Resorcinol is a component of argan oil with reported anticancer activities, but its mechanism of action and potential effect on B[a]P damage to the skin is unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of resorcinol on B[a]P-induced abnormal keratinocyte biology and its mechanisms of action in human epidermal keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. Resorcinol suppressed aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activity as evidenced by the inhibition of B[a]P-induced xenobiotic response element (XRE)-reporter activation and cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) expression. In addition, resorcinol attenuated B[a]P-induced nuclear translocation of AhR, and production of ROS and pro-inflammatory cytokines. We also found that resorcinol increased nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) activity. Antioxidant response element (ARE)-reporter activity and expression of ARE-dependent genes NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1 (NQO1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were increased by resorcinol. Consistently, resorcinol treatment induced nuclear localization of Nrf2 as seen by Western analysis. Knockdown of Nrf2 attenuated the resorcinol effects on ARE signaling, but knockdown of AhR did not affect resorcinol activation of Nrf2. This suggests that activation of antioxidant activity by resorcinol is not mediated by AhR. These results indicate that resorcinol is protective against effects of B[a]P exposure. The mechanism of action of resorcinol is inhibition of AhR and activation of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant signaling. Our findings suggest that resorcinol may have potential as a protective agent against B[a]P-containing pollutants.