• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.283-287
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• 2013

Canine skin is a highly dynamic organ that is constantly adapted to changes in its environment. It provides structural, sensory, immunologic, and physiologic functions and contributes an essential barrier function against potential environmental insults. We assessed the changes of canine skin hydration, pH, and protein contents by noninvasive method according to the frequency of application with canine commercial shampoo. Canine commercial shampoo was applied topically every other day, 5 days, and 8 days on different sites, respectively in 8 dogs. Saline-applied site was as a control. Skin hydration was increased and skin surface pH was decreased significantly in canine commercial shampoo-applied site every other day (p < 0.05). Also, skin protein concentration measured by D-squame$^{(R)}$ tape stripping method was increased significantly in canine commercial shampoo-applied site every other day (p < 0.05). There were alterations on every 5 days and 8 days, but not significantly. These results may be recognized that the frequent use of canine commercial shampoo cause abnormalities of the skin barrier function and alteration of stratum corneum integrity/cohesion. Consequently it was suggested that bathing the dog with canine commercial shampoo was appropriate every 5 or 8 days.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.29-42
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• 2017

Objectives : Atopic dermatitis accompanies with severe pruritus and collapse of skin barrier, inflammation. Maifanite could be used as an ointment for skin disease. However, there have been few studies about maifanite uses for atopic dermatitis. We report the anti-inflammatory and promoting skin recovery effects of ionized maifanite on damaged skin barrier with experimentally elicited atopic dermatitis. Methods : Nc/Nga mice were divided into 3 groups: control group(CON), atopic dermatitis elicited group(AE group), ionized maifanite treated group after atopic dermatitis elicitation(MT group). After 5% SDS was applied D. pteronyssinus crude extract also applied for 3 weeks to elicit atopic dermatitis-like skin disease. MT group was treated for 3 weeks with ionized maifanite. Ionized maifanite was applied once a day and voluntarily administrated. AE group and control group were treated with normal saline in the same way. Results : In MT group, skin lesions like eczema were more improved than AE group. p-ERK1/2 positive reaction was reduced in MT group. MMP-9 and substance P positive reaction at dermal papillae was also reduced in MT group. With skin angiogram, capillary vessel decreased in MT group. Also, IL-4 positive reaction cell and STAT-6 positive reaction cell reduced more in MT group than in AE group. $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65 positive reaction cell and iNOS positive reaction cell also declined more in MT group than in AE group. Conclusions : It is supposed that ionized maifanite has anti-inflammatory effects on NC/Nga mice's atopic dermatitis with suppressing IL-4 production and Th2 cell differentiation, and controlling $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.74-80
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• 2015

Skin is the soft outer covering of vertebrates that provides protection from pathogenic infection, physical damage, or UV irradiation, and controls body temperature and water content. In this study, we examined the effects of oral intake of kimchi-derived Lactobacillus plantarum K8 lysates on skin moisturizing. In an in vitro study, we observed that the hyaluronic acid content increased in HaCaT cells treated with L. plantarum K8 lysates. Oral administration of L. plantarum K8 lysates effectively attenuated the horny layer formation and decreased epidermal thickening in DNCB-treated SKH-1 hairless mice skin. The damage to barrier function was reduced after 8 weeks of oral administration of L. plantarum K8 lysates as compared with that in the atopic dermatitis mice. For the test with volunteers, we manufactured experimental candy containing 2.1% L. plantarum K8 lysates, while control candy did not contain bacterial lysate. A significant increase in hydration in the experimental candy-administered group as compared with the control candy-administered group was observed on the face after 4 and 8 weeks, and on the forearm after 4 weeks. Decreases in horny layer thickness and TEWL value were observed on the face and forearm of the experimental group. Together, the in vitro cell line and in vivo mouse studies revealed that L. plantarum K8 lysates have a moisturizing effect. A clinical research study with healthy volunteers also showed an improvement in barrier repair and function when volunteers took L. plantarum K8 lysates-containing candy. Thus, our results suggest that L. plantarum K8 lysates may help to improve skin barrier function.

• Food Science and Industry
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.19-26
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• 2007

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.597-601
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• 2013

In this study, we searched for bioactive compounds from natural resources with a supercritical extract. We selected the extracts of Chrysanthemum zawadskii, Lufa cylindrica, Paeonia lactiflora, Gardenia jasminoides and Scutellaria baicalensis, as natural materials, and evaluated the effects of their skin barrier function. We found that these extracts increased the transactivation activity of the PPAR-responsive element (PPRE) and the anti-oxidation with different priorities, respectively. In addition, these extracts promoted the expression of proteins related to cornified envelope (CE) formation, such as involucrin. From these results, we suggest that natural materials from supercritical extracts will be pertinent candidates for the improvement of the epidermal permeability barrier function.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.686-690
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• 2008

Recent research has shown that curcumin has beneficial effects in a variety of skin diseases, including scleroderma, psoriasis, and skin cancer. In this study, we assessed the effects of curcumin on epidermal permeability barrier function in vivo and in vitro. In order to evaluate the effects of curcumin on epidermal permeability barrier function in vivo, hairless rats were exposed to UVB irradiation, and curcumin was administered orally at a dosage of 150 mg/kg per day for 8 weeks. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and epidermal thickness were measured at the end of the experiment. The expression of filaggrin, a marker of keratinocyte differentiation, and serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT), a marker of the formation of the stratum corneum lipid barrier, in human HaCat keratinocytes were analyzed. The in vivo results showed that an 8 week administration of curcumin markedly prevented the UVB-induced increase in TEWL. The UV-induced increase in epidermal thickness was also reduced significantly by curcumin treatment. The in vitro results demonstrated the concentration-dependent effects of curcumin on the expression of both filaggrin and SPT in HaCat cells, reflecting the notion that curcumin can induce epidermal keratinocyte differentiation and can improve the recovery of skin barrier functions. These results show that curcumin is a promising candidate for the improvement of epidermal permeability barrier function.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.389-397
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• 2019

Lysosomes are cellular organelles involved in energy metabolism and intracellular digestion in eukaryotic cells, including protease, nuclease, glycosidase, lipase, and phosphatase. Our previous studies have confirmed that egg white lysosomes had melanin decolorization and reduction activity. However, there have been few studies on skin barrier and skin regeneration as well as inhibition of melanin production by egg white lysosomes on B16F10 melanocyte cell line. In this study, we attempted to identify the effect of lysosome-related organelle extract (LOE) extracted from egg white on the melanin content change and skin barrier enhancement in cells. First, cytotoxicity evaluation was performed on B16F10 melanocyte cell line to confirm the whitening efficacy of LOE. Cytotoxicity by LOE was not observed at 20 mg/mL concentration, but cytotoxicity was observed at 40 mg/mL, and the maximum concentration value was set to 20 mg/mL in all subsequent experiments. LOE samples of 5, 10, 20 mg/mL inhibited melanin production by 61.5 ± 4.0%, 61.4 ± 7.3%, 58.3 ± 8.3%, respectivly, compared to α-MSH, a negative control in melanin contents assay. MITF mRNA expression was reduced by about 39.7 ± 3.2% compared to the α-MSH treatment group. TEER assay using HaCaT showed that LOE increased TEER resistance in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that LOE is involved in strengthening the skin barrier. LOE also increased the TEER resistance under TNF-α treatment. Skin barrier was normally restored by LOE even under the condition of inflammation. LOE had a positive effect on cell division and cell migration promotion, confirmed by the observing the effect of promoting cell migration by LOE through cell migration assay. Taken together, we expect that LOE can be developed as a cosmetic material to enhance has effects on skin regeneration and skin barrier strengthening as well as whitening function if enzyme stabilization and formulation technology are combined.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.1243-1249
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• 2018

Ceramides are commonly studied and developed in the cosmetics industry as ingredients that help a moisturized skin and strengthen a skin barrier. In this study, we determined how much great effects the moisturing cream containing a ceramide, obtained from evening primrose oil instead of using a common synthetic ceramide, made on the changes in moisturizing and transdermal water loss of skin. The result showed that the cream with a ceramide showed much better results than the cream without a ceramide at the skin moisture resistance and transdermal water loss of skin.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.264-274
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• 2019

This study attempted to analyze the effects of cleansing oil on skin by preferred vegetable base oil. For this, a questionnaire survey was performed against 100 people, and their face washing habit and preferred vegetable base oils were examined. Based on the results, 4 different cleansing oils were prepared and experimented. The experiment was conducted against 10 adult women in their 20-30s, and moisture level, sebum level and trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) before and after the experiment were measured. After the test, satisfaction was measured, and the results found the followings: When asked what cleansing oil is most preferred by vegetable base oil type, 'rose hip oil' was the highest, followed by 'olive oil', 'apricot kernel oil' and 'camellia oil'. According to the clinical trials, both moisture and sebum levels increased before and after cleansing in all four cleansing oil types by the preferred vegetable base oil (p<0.001, p<0.001). In addition, TEWL decreased with a difference by base oil (p<0.01). According to a subjective satisfaction survey which was performed after the experiment, rose hip oil-contained cleansing oil (RHC) was the highest in terms of cleansing effect and satisfaction level. Consequently, it was confirmed that the cleansing oil by vegetable base oil improved skin conditions by protecting a skin barrier with a positive effect on the improvement of sebum and moisture levels and TEWL. Even though a preferred oil type and a satisfaction level may differ by preferred oil and feeling after use, cleansing oil by vegetable base can be helpful as a skin care product which eases skin dryness and protects a skin barrier.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.29 no.2 s.43
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• pp.205-232
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• 2003

Ursolic acid (UA) and Oleanolic acid (ONA), known as urson, micromerol and malol, are pentacyclic triterpenoid compounds which naturally occur in a large number of vegetarian foods, medicinal herbs, and plants. They may occur in their free acid form or as aglycones for triterpenoid saponins, which are comprised of a triterpenoid aglycone, linked to one or more sugar moieties. Therefore UA and ONA are similar in pharmacological activity. Lately scientific research, which led to the identification of UA and ONA, revealed that several pharmacological effects, such as antitumor, hepato-protective, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antimicrobial, and anti-hyperlipidemic could be attributed to UA and ONA. Here, we introduced the effect of UA and ONA on acutely barrier disrupted and normal hairless mouse skin. To evaluate the effects of UA and ONA on epidermal permeability barrier recovery, both flanks of 8-12 week-old hairless mice were topically treated with either 0.01-0.1 mg/ml UA or 0.1-1 mg/ml ONA after tape stripping, and TEWL (Transepidermal water loss) was measured . The recovery rate increased in those UA or ONA treated groups (0.1 mg/ml UA and 0.5 mg/ml ONA) at 6 h more than $20\%$ compared to vehicle treated group (p<0.05). Here, we introduced the effects of UA and ONA on acute barrier disruption and normal epidermal permeability barrier function. For verifying the effects of UA and ONA on normal epidermal barrier, hydration and TEWL were measured for 1 and 3 weeks after UA and ONA applications (2mg/ml per day). We also investigated the features of epidermis and dermis using electron microscopy (EM) and light microscopy (LM). Both samples increased hydration compared to vehicle group from f week without TEWL alteration (p<0.005). EM examination using RuO4 and OsO4 fixation revealed that secretion and numbers of lamellar bodies and complete formation of lipid bilayers were most prominent $(ONA{\geq}UA>Vehicle)$. LM finding showed that thickness of stratum corneum (SC) was slightly increased and especially epidermal thickening and flattening was observed (UA>ONA>Veh). We also observed that UA and ONA stimulate epidermal keratinocyte differentiation via $PPAR\;\alpha$. Protein expression of involucrin, loricrin, and filaggrin increased at least 2 and 3 fold in HaCaT cells treated with either $ONA\;(10{\mu}M)$ or UA $(10{\mu}M)$ for 24h respectively. This result suggested that the UA and ONA can improve epidermal permeability barrier function and induce the epidermal keratinocyte differentiation via $PPAR\;{\alpha}$. Using Masson-trichrome and elastic fiber staining, we observed collagen thickening and elastic fiber elongation by UA and ONA treatments. In vitro results of collagen and elastin synthesis and elastase inhibitory activity measurements were also confirmed in vivo findings. These data suggested that the effects of UA and ONA related to not only epidermal permeability barrier functions but also dermal collagen and elastic fiber synthesis. Taken together, UA and ONA can be relevant candidates to improve epidermal and dermal functions and pertinent agents for cosmeseutical applications.