• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.275-290
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• 2012

In this study, we have developed an optimal time distribution model through extraction of peaks over threshold (POT) series. The median values for annual maximum rainfall dataset, which are obtained from the magnetic recording (MMR) and the automatic weather system(AWS) data at Seoul meteorological observatory, were used as the POT criteria. We also suggested the improved methodology for the time distribution of extreme rainfall compared to Huff method, which is widely used for time distributions of design rainfall. The Huff method did not consider changing in the shape of time distribution for each rainfall durations and rainfall criteria as total amount of rainfall for each rainfall events. This study have suggested an extracting methodology for rainfall events in each quartile based on interquartile range (IQR) matrix and selection for the mode quartile storm to determine the ranking cosidering weighting factors on minutely observation data. Finally, the optimal time distribution model in each rainfall duration was derived considering both data size and characteristics of distribution using kernel density function in extracted dimensionless unit rainfall hyetograph.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.4689-4695
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• 2014

Background: A great number of studies have shown that cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) genetic polymorphisms, CYP1A1 Msp I and CYP1A1 Ile/Val, might be risk factors for digestive tract cancers, including esophageal cancer (EC), gastric cancer (GC), hepatic carcinoma (HC), as well as colorectal cancer (CC), but the results are controversial. In this study, a meta-analysis of this literature aimed to clarify associations of CYP1A1 genetic polymorphisms with digestive tract cancers susceptibility in Chinese populations. Materials and Methods: Eligible case-control studies published until December 2013 were retrieved by systematic literature searches from PubMed, Embase, CBM, CNKI and other Chinese databases by two investigators independently. The associated literature was acquired through deliberate search and selection based on established inclusion criteria. Fixed-effects or random-effects models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs and 95%CIs). The meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.2 and Stata 12.0 softwares with stability evaluated by both stratified and sensitivity analyses. Moreover, sensitivity analysis and publication bias diagnostics confirmed the reliability and stability. Results: Eighteen case-control studies with 1,747 cases and 2,923 controls were selected for CYP1A1 MspI polymorphisms, and twenty case-control studies with 3, 790 cases and 4, 907 controls for the CYP1A1 Ile/Val polymorphisms. Correlation associations between CYP1A1 Ile/Val polymorphisms and digestive tract cancers susceptibility were observed in four genetic models in the meta-analysis (GG vs AA:OR= 2.03, 95%CI =1.52- 2.72; AG vs AA: OR=1.26, 95%CI =1.07-1.48; [GG+AG vs AA] :OR =1.42, 95%CI=1.20-1.68, [GG vs AA+AG]:OR=1.80, 95%CI =1.40-2.31). There was no association between CYP1A1 Msp I polymorphisms and digestive tract cancers risk. Subgroup analysis for tumor type showed a significant association of CYP1A1 Ile/Val genetic polymorphisms with EC in China. However, available data collected by the study failed to reveal remarkable associations of GC or HC with CYP1A1 Ile/Val genetic polymorphisms and EC, GC or CC with CYP1A1 MspI genetic polymorphisms. Conclusions: Our results indicated that CYP1A1 Ile/Val genetic polymorphisms, but not CYP1A1 Msp I polymorphisms, are associated with an increased digestive tract cancers risk in Chinese populations. Additional well-designed studies, with larger sample size, focusing on different ethnicities and cancer types are now warranted to validate this finding.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.10-15
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• 2015

Giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) is a endangered species considered as a vulnerable grade-organism in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) red list. As a fundamental baseline study for establishing a giant grouper broodstock management system, the efficiency for parentage analysis was evaluated by using microsatellite makers previously available in this species. The eight microsatellites generated a total 52 alleles from 32 individuals, the mean expected heterozygosity was 0.663, and mean inbreeding coefficient was 0.011, consequently suggesting that the present broodstock has retained the high level of genetic diversity. However, our analysis also recommended the collection of more broodfish for more stable brood line, since the estimated value of the effective population size was proven to be 35. The average probability of identity was $6.85{\times}10^{-11}$. NE-2P and NE-PP of paternity non-exclusion probabilities were 0.00835 and 0.00027, respectively. As the result of principle coordinate analysis, the genotype of broodstock was not overlapped, suggesting that the management system of giant grouper based on eight selected microsatellite markers might be effective, although further validation with extended number of broodfish might also be needed in future. Data of present study could be a useful basis to avoid the unwanted selection of broodfish that possess close genetic relationship with current broodstock, and consequently to establish effective broodstock management system allowing the production of progeny with high genetic diversity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2010

The objectives of this study were to i) investigate genetic performance for linear type traits of individual Holstein dairy cows, especially focusing on comparative traits, and to estimate genetic variances for these traits using actual data, and ii) compare genetic performance and improvement of progeny by birth country of the cows. Linear type traits defined with five comparative traits on this study were general stature composite (GSC), dairy capacity composite (DCC), body size composite (BSC), foot and leg composite (FLC), and udder composite (UDC). These traits were scored from 1 to 6 with 1 = poor, 2 = fair, 3 = good, 4 = good plus, 5 = very good and 6 = excellent. Final scores (FS) were also included in this study. Data used was collected from the years 2000 to 2004 by the Korea Animal Improvement Association (KAIA). Only data of more than five tested cows by herd appraisal date and by sires having more than ten daughters were included to increase the reliability of the data analyses. A total of 30,204 records of the selected traits, which was collected from 26,701 individuals having pedigree information were used. Herd appraisal date, year of age, lactation stage (grouped by month), and time lagged for milking (in hours) were assumed as fixed effects on the model. Animal additive genetic effects considering pedigree relationship and residual errors were assumed with random effects. Year of age at appraisal date was classified from one to nine years of age, assigning the value of nine years of age for animals that were greater than or equal to nine years of age. From our results, the estimate for heritability was 0.463, 0.346, 0.473, 0.290, and 0.430 on GSC, DCC, BSC, FLC and UDC, respectively. The estimate for FS heritability was 0.539. The greatest breeding values for GSC were estimated for Canada, with the breeding values for American lines increasing for 10 years starting in 1989 but tending to decrease after that until 2004. For DCC, the breeding values for American and Canadian lines showed similar patterns until 1999, after which the breeding values for the American lines declined sharply. For BSC, data from Korea, Canada and the USA followed similar trends overall except when the breeding values of the American lines decreased starting in 1999. Overall, the methods used to evaluate genetic performance in this study were acceptable and allowed for the discovery of differences by country of genetic origin, likely due in part to the American use of selection indexes based primarily on milk yield traits until methods for evaluating other traits began to emerge.

• The Korean Journal of Elementary Counseling
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.181-196
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• 2008

The purposes of this study were to develop vocational cards for elementary school children as a useful means to be applicable to elementary career counseling, to carry out a career counseling program by using vocational cards, and ultimately to determine the effect of the program on the career maturity of elementary schoolers. After job selection criteria were prepared in light of the characteristics of different occupations, changing business world and school children, how many number of vocational cards would be suitable for elementary schoolers was decided, and leading occupations were selected according to Holland classification in consideration of promising job list for the future, analysis of schoolbook and dream job among school children. And then what should be described on vocational card was determined, and their size was selected. Students who participated in the career counseling program based on vocational cards were significantly different in career maturity from others who didn't. To improve the reliability of quantitative approach, the students were asked to describe how they felt, and they made a positive assessment of the program as they found it to be interesting and of use for their understanding of themselves and business world. In conclusion, the vocational card for elementary middle-year students developed in this study catered to the career development stage of elementary schoolers, and the career counseling program using the vocational cards had a positive effect on enhancing the career maturity of children.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.1-33
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to systematically review the latest clinical trials in music medicine and medical music therapy for pediatric patients. Thirteen databases were searched to obtain randomized controlled/crossover design studies published between the year 2000 and 2012 in English language. Out of 1012 articles retrieved in the initial search, fifteen studies were identified based on an exclusion criteria. Overall, selected articles involved children 1 month to 18 years, sample size of 11 to 150, and total participants of 987. Studies were classified and compared as music medicine or music therapy studies through a systematic synthesis assessing general characteristics, methodological quality, measured outcomes, types of interventions and the study results. Seven music medicine and eight music therapy studies measured seven dependent variables using thirty-six different measurement tools with a large heterogeneity in the selection, type, and method of music interventions. Evaluation of the methodological quality revealed that many studies did not provide a full report of the research method, and did not meet some or most methodological standards, such as randomization, allocation concealment, double or partial blinding, and intention to treat analysis. Although overall research results were positive if not significant, poor methodological quality and heterogeneity in design and intervention strategies raise the question of research bias and trustworthiness issues. The systematic review concluded that music may have a valuable clinical effect in addressing the physical and psychosocial needs of hospitalized children, although more rigorous, homogeneous and replicable studies are greatly needed.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.192-201
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• 2018

This study intends to find efficient support methods for small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) especially in the increasingly important mobile sector. We investigated regarding perceptions of mobile sector-specific support programs and their current state of usage, and perceptions of the new mobile market and the present conditions of each stage of production based on analysis of a survey that included 204 respondents in each SMB to achieve this goal. Concretely, detections through this research were the reasons for non-selection of support businesses, the future prospective mobile business area, the company's own first-preference item and the reason for the preference, plus new mobile areas of willingness to apply the company's own product and its own first-preference item, and the reason for the preference. In addition, we found out covering costs and revenue size of the maximum-revenue product for each stage (from the first to the fourth stage), the kind of a product's execution method connected to the product (e.g. self-production, outsourcing to another company to produce a product), and the execution method for pre-products. We can suggest a policy regarding efficient support alternatives for SMBs related to the mobile sector thanks to these findings.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.36-42
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• 2018

This paper considers the Marine Traffic Risk Assessment for fixed and moving targets, which threaten officers during a voyage. The Collision Risk Assessment Formula was calculated based on a dynamic ship domain considering the length, speed and maneuvering capability of a vessel. In particular, the Navigation Risk Assessment Model that is used to quantitatively index the effect of a ship's size, speed, etc. has been reviewed and improved using a hybrid combination of a vessel's dynamic area and the Collision Risk Assessment Formula. Accordingly, a new type of Marine Traffic Risk Assessment Model has been suggested giving consideration to the Speed Length Ratio, which was not sufficiently reflected in the existing Risk Assessment Model. The larger the Speed Length Ratio (dimensionless speed), the higher the CJ value. That is, the CJ value is presented well by the Speed Length Ratio. When the Speed Length Ratio is large, states ranging from [Caution], [Warning], [Dangerous] or [Very Dangerous] are presented from a greater distance than when the Speed Length Ratio is small. The results of this study, can be used for route and port development, including dangerous route avoidance, optimum route planning, breakwater width, bridge span, etc. as well as the development of costal navigation safety charts. This research is also applicable for the selection of optimum ship routing and the prevention of collisions for smart ships such as autonomous vessels.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.679-689
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• 1997

Nutrition label (NL) on the package of processed food provides consumers with a reliable and consistent source of information . It has been considered as a useful aid for food selection and a potent educational tool for nutrition in daily life. Since current nutrition labeling regulation in Korea does not define a format for presenting nutrition information a wide variety of NL format exists in the markers created by individual manufacturers. Development of standard NL format and its registration remain to be the work for the professionals and government officials. However the acceptance and evaluation of NL by the consumers is a very important and necessary process in the development of NL formats. In this study four different formats A, B, C, D were formulated based on currently circulating labels and new U.S.NL. Subjects used for evaluation of these formats were middle -aged highly educated housewives, who and the potential users of NL. Major parameters observed through the questionnare were their nutritional knowledge of RDA, ability of IC(Information Comparison) and CA (Comprehension and Application of informed nutrient contents), as well as their preference to the different formats. The results are summarized as follows. 1) Of the 178 subjects , 89.9% of the middleaged housewives were college graduates. Their nutrition knowledge of RDA were relatively satisfactory showing over 80% correlation on the basic concepts and unit while for numerical value less than 50% correct answer. 2) IC test scores were significantly different among the formats showing the highest values for format A and B which are presented as absolute value and % RDA, respectively. Format C presented as serving size(number of products) showed the lowest score. CA scores were also significantly different, though the increased load of information did not facilitate to increase the consumers comprehension. 3) RDA knowledge test scores and the scores of IA and CA were correlated in format A and D but not in format B and C suggesting % RDA presentation would be more acceptable to the less educated group. 4) For the preference in the aspects of easiness and time-saving format A was the best one then format D supporting the result of IC and CA test. The results of the present study indicate the most useful and preferred format is the simplest format presented as absolute value without RDA, . The secondly preferred format is the new NL format of the US with much information .

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.75-82
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• 2017

Purpose: This study provided the basic data for selection the zirconia block and CAM by means of marginal fitness observations, flexural strength test and hardness test. Methods: Three dental zirconia blocks(ABCera, NaturaZ, ST98) and two dental milling machines(CAD/CAM MS, DWX-50) were used in this study. Metal abutment(diameter 10 mm, height 5 mm, inclined angle $3^{\circ}$ taper, 1 mm chamfer margin) was fabricated by Ti customized abutment, and then zirconia copings were fabricated for each ten specimens. Silicone replica technique was used to observe the marginal fitness of cross-sections with a stereomicroscope at ${\times}50$ magnification. The dental zirconia blocks was cut into 10 pieces each having a size of $25mm{\times}5mm{\times}1mm$, and fabricated according to the manufacturer's instructions, and flexural strength was measured using a universal testing machine. For hardness test, a micro Vickers hardness tester was used as it was in the flexural strength test. Statistical analysis was performed by one way ANOVA and post-test was performed by Scheffe test. Results: For marginal fitness of bucco-lingual axial, ZU group($59.7{\pm}10.3{\mu}m$) was the lowest, followed by RA, ZA, ZD, RD, RU. For marginal fitness of mesio-distal axial, ZU group($59.3{\pm}10.2{\mu}m$) was the lowest, followed by RA, ZA, RD, ZD, RU. One-way ANOVA showed statistically significant difference between groups(p<0.05). For flexural strength, ABCera block($718.0{\pm}57.2MPa$) was the highest, followed by NaturaZ, ST98. For hardness, ABCera block($1550.3{\pm}19.8Hv$) was the highest, followed by ST98, NaturaZ. There was no significant difference in flexural strength and hardness between blocks(p>0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the type of dental zirconia block did influence the marginal fitness, and all dental zirconia blocks are expected to be suitable for clinical application. The highest flexural strength and hardness were ABCera block, and no statistically significant difference was observed.