• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• 제9권5호
• /
• pp.19-27
• /
• 2022

The size of the government is one of the most fundamental debates of open economies. In any economy, government plays an important role, but a pertinent level of economic prosperity has never been obtained in history without government. Therefore, the objective of this paper investigates the association of government size, economic volatility, and institutional quality for 182 economies from the time period 1996-2016 is collected from the World Bank database. GE is defined as the General government's final consumption expenditure. Health expenditure is represented by HE. Government expenditure on education is denoted by EDUEXP. The economic volatility is measured by the rolling standard deviation of GDP per capita growth rate, Population growth, Trade openness, GINI represented Gini index which measures the degree to which the income distributed or consumption expenses among citizens deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. The results proposed that economic volatility has a significant effect on government size and institutional qualities. Moreover, the paper extends the investigation by finding the link between economic volatility with government health and education expenditure separately. The policy implication drawn from this analysis is that controlling economic volatility may reduce the size of government and also significantly affect health and education expenditures.

• 대한치과교정학회지
• /
• 제24권4호
• /
• pp.759-772
• /
• 1994

Orthodontists have experienced the treatment of cases with three lower incisors. Occasionally a lower incisor was either congenitally missing or so seriously damaged by injury or disease that its removal presented the best prospect for the patient. Sometimes the intentional extraction of a lower incisor is needed to produce enhanced functional and esthetic results with minimal orthodontic manipulation. Such cases have unfavorable anterior tooth size discrepancies and present difficulties in achieving good occlusal results. However such difficulties can be overcome by the sensible diagnosis and treatment plan. Three different cases are presented and the conclusions are listed. 1. It is important for orthodontist who tries to treat three lower incisor cases to measure and calculate accurately the degree of deviation of tooth size and morphology and the anterior tooth size ratio. 2. A diagnostic setup model should be made to determine whether the incisor extraction is appropriate and space closure is needed or not. It is the best way to be sure that the occlusal results, including overbite and overjet, will be acceptable and how far the degree of midline deviation is. It also shows the amount of interproximal reduction to achieve an acceptable occlusal result. 3. The class I relationship between the upper canine and the lower one must be obtained to establish the canine rise during eccentric movement by the concept of mutually protective occlusion. It also helps to maintain the stable occlusal result.

• 응용통계연구
• /
• 제16권1호
• /
• pp.181-193
• /
• 2003

표본크기를 결정할 때 모표준편차 $\sigma$의 추정량으로 표본표준편차를 구할 수 없는 경우 범위(R)또는 사분위간 범위(IQR)를 이용하여 $\sigma$의 추정량으로 사용할 수 있다 R과 IQR의 함수로 나타난 추정값은 최소한 95% 이상의 확률로 $\sigma$보다 크거나 같아야 과소 추정됨을 피할 수 있다. 다양한 확률분포로부터 추출된 여러 표본의 범위와 사분위간 범위에 대하여 Browne(2001)이 연구한 추정량 R/4과 본 연구에서 제시한 추정량 IQR이 $\sigma$이상일 확률에 대하여 비교 분석을 하였다. 그리고 표본의 범위와 사분위간 범위를 상수로 나누었을 때 $\sigma$이상일 확률을 가질 수 있는 대안적 인 분모를 각각 구하여 비교 연구하였다.

• 정보처리학회논문지D
• /
• 제11D권3호
• /
• pp.691-702
• /
• 2004

본 문은 고속으로 이송되는 컨베이어 벨트 환경에서 획득된 대용량 소포 영상에서 다양한 관심영역(ROI：Region of Interest)을 고속 추출할 수 있는 방법을 제안한다. 제안된 방법의 친 번째 단계에서는 영상을 32${\times}$32 픽셀 크기의 마스크로 나누고 그 중 내부 픽셀의 최대값과 최소값의 차이값이 최저 동적 입계값보다 큰 경우에 1차 후보로 검출한다. 두 번째 단계에서는 1차 후보 마스크를 다시 8${\times}$8크기의 서브마스크로 나누고 적셀 값의 편차(deviation)을 기준으로 최저 임계값보다 큰 마스크만 남김으로서 불필요한 영역을 제거한다. 이러한 전처리 과정을 거쳐 1차원 바코드, 2차원 바코드, 소포의 외형 경계, 레이블 및 문자와 같은 소포의 정보가 기록되어 있는 영역(ROI)을 제외한 나머지 영역을 제거한다. 후처리 과정에서는 위의 ROI 중 2차원 바코드 영역만을 추출하기 위해서 각각의 ROI에 대하여 기준축을 생성한 결과를 이용하여 각각의 영역을 검증하였다. 이와 같은 방법으로 실험한 결과 대용량 소포영상에서 약 200msec 이내에 다양한 ROI를 추출하였으며 100%의 정확도로 2차원 바코드 영역을 지정할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
• /
• 제4권1호
• /
• pp.17-25
• /
• 2000

ATM PON은 수동 광 분배망에서 ATM셀을 전송하는 가입자망으로서 다양한 형태의 가입자를 하나의 통합된 플랫폼에서 처리할 수 있기 때문에 차세대 엑세스망의 해법으로 간주된다. 본 논문에서는 ATM PON이 가지고 있는 장점과 그것이 동작하기 위한 핵심적인 프로토콜을 살펴본다. 그 중에서도 ranging은 시스템에서 시분할 다중화 액세스를 가능하게 하는 가장 중요한 프로토콜이다. 이 프로토콜의 문제점은 ranging 셀이 도착하는 시간구간, 즉 윈도우가 너무 길다는 것이다. 이 기간 동안 상향으로 가입자 트래픽을 전달할 수 없으므로, 서비스 품질이 저하될 가능성이 매우 높다. 이 논문에서는 광케이블의 길이를 어느 정도의 오차를 갖고 알고 있을 때 윈도우 길이를 최소화하는 방안을 제시한다. 제시된 알고리즘을 사용할 경우, 광케이블의 길이가 1 Km 변이를 가질 때 기존 방법에 비해 윈도우 길이가 7 %에 지나지 않는 성능 향상을 얻을 수 있다.

• 오토저널
• /
• 제14권5호
• /
• pp.41-53
• /
• 1992

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the atomizing characteristics of a two phase spray by using a liquid column type coaxial nozzle. The experiments have been carried out to analyze the atomization behavior, the droplet size distributions, and the statistical properties of droplet size distributions. Immersion sampling method and the image processing technique were adapted for the measurements of particles, and the distributions of the droplet sizes were statistically analyzed. In the experiments, the mass ratio defined as Mr= $M_{\sigma}$/ $M_{1}$ has been changed from 1.0 to 3.4 and the measurements have been performed along the axis of the spray. As a result of this experimental study, the distributions of droplet size were satisfied with the Log-Normal distributions and arithmetic mean diameter and deviation of mass ratio. Droplet volume-surface mean diameter was denoted by a exponential function of mass-ratio and the exponent was denoted by linear relation according to the central axis from the nozzle. Dispersions, skewness factors and flatness factors had comparatively constant values regardless of mass ratio and location.

• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제18권5호
• /
• pp.345-353
• /
• 2002

A study of polydispersed aerosol dynamics by Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) was carried out. The log-normal particle size distribution was assumed and moment method was considered. In order to apply moment method in Deutsch-Anderson equation, Cunningham slip correction factor and Cochet's charge equation were simplified for certain range of particle size. The three parameters, which explain the particle size distribution, such as total number concentration, geometric mean diameter, and geometric standard deviation were considered to derive the analytic solution. The obtained solution was compared with available numerical results (Bai et al., 1995). The comparison of the numerical and analytic results showed a good agreement.

• 대한전기학회논문지:시스템및제어부문D
• /
• 제53권11호
• /
• pp.786-792
• /
• 2004

A wavelet based ECG data compression has become an attractive and efficient method in many mobile tele-cardiology applications. But large data size required for high compression performance leads a serious delay. In this paper, new wavelet compression method with minimum delay is proposed. It is based on deciding the type and compression ratio(CR) of block organically according to the standard deviation of input ECG data with minimum block size. Compression performances of the proposed algorithm for different MIT ECG Records were analyzed comparing other ECG compression algorithm. In addition to the processing delay measurement, compression efficiency and reconstruction sensitivity to error were also evaluated via random noise simulation models. The results show that the proposed algorithm has both lower PRD than other algorithm on same CR and minimum time in the data acquisition, processing and transmission.

• 대한가정학회지
• /
• 제36권3호
• /
• pp.191-206
• /
• 1998

The purpose of this study was to explore social support in childhood and early adolescence. The research was based on the social convoy model(Kahn and Antonucci, 1980). The data were collected from questionnaires completed by 656 elementary school children(2nd and 5th grade) and the middle school children(2nd grade) in rural and urban area. The statistical methods adopted for data analyses were frequencies, mean, standard deviation, T-test, One-way ANOVA, Scheffe-test, Two-way ANOVA, and correlation coefficient. Children received more support from parents and friends in convoy function of social support. Convoy size of social support increased with age. Rural children had larger convoy size in the inner circle, and smaller convoy size in the middle circle than urban children did.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
• /
• 제24권12호
• /
• pp.949-954
• /
• 2011

In this study, the characteristics and error ranges of the mechanical bonding strength were analyzed according to before and after thermal shock test for various chips of automotive application component using Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu solder. In the after thermal shock test, the mechanical bonding strengths tend to decrease, meanwhile decreasing rates of mechanical strengths were less then 12% at specimen's bonding area below 3.5$mm^2$, and were from 17 to 21% at specimen's bonding area above 12 $mm^2$. On the other hand, Specimen's mean deviation rates were about 5% at specimen's bonding area more than 12 $mm^2$. Inversely, at specimen's bonding area is less then 3.5 $mm^2$, mean deviation rates were increased to about 8%. It means that the smaller device size is, the larger mean deviation rate. In addition, error ranges and deviation rates of the mechanical bonding strengths may differ slightly depending on their bonding area. Furthermore, process conditions as well as method of mechanical reliability evaluation should be established to reduce the error ranges of bonding strength.