• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.1-13
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• 2010

Most of investigations about the effects of dam construction on the surrounding environments have focused mainly on the change of climate conditions and crop production. In order to research the effect of dam construction on the surrounding vegetation, we chose the Soyanggang dam whose storage capacity is the largest in Korea, and was built 33 years ago. We surveyed and analyzed the surrounding vegetation by using quadrat method and measured the soil moisture content among floodplain (FP), 5m above the flood plain (AFP) and control group (CG) which is 3km far from the lake through ridge. The largest value of mean importance percentage of the canopy~understory layer at FP was Salix koreensis (87.9%) and those of AFP and CG was Quercus mongolica (38.9% and 40.4% respectively) and the largest important percentage of the herb layer at FP was Artemisia capillaris (34.2%) and those of AFP and CG was Oplismenus undulatifolius var. undulatifolius (9.4% and 24.6% respectively). The Shannon-Wiener diversity index of shrub~canopy layer at FP (0.26) was lower than AFP (2.34) and CG (2.23) and there was not any significant difference in the herb layer among three groups. The S${\o}$rensen similarity index between FP and AFP, FP and CG was 0, and that of AFP and CG was relatively high. The highest density of tree and subtree with the DBH level of FP was S. koreensis of 5~10cm (240/ha), and that of AFP and CG was Quercus spp. of 15~20cm (400/ha and 466/ha respectively). And the highest density of seedlings of FP was Pinus densiflora (7,040/ha), and that of AFP and CG was Quercus spp. (720/ha and 400/ha respectively). The soil water content of FP (6.28%) was relatively lower than AFP and CG (11.13% and 10.14% respectively; p<.01). These results indicated that construction of Soyanggang dam changed the vegetation of the floodplain, without showing a change in its upland areas.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.430-437
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• 2020

This is an approach study on the sensory properties (taste and odor) of 15 types of Korean conventional soups and stews using electronic nose and tongue. The relative sensor intensity for the taste components of the samples using electronic tongue was demonstrated. By SRS (sourness) sensor, sogogi-baechuguk (beef and cabbage soup) had the highest rate of 9.0. The STS (saltiness) sensor showed the highest score of 8.2 for ojingeoguk (squid soup). For the UMS (umami) sensor, which identifies savoriness, the sogogi-baechuguk was the highest at 10.1. The SWS (sweetness) sensors showed relatively little difference, with sigeumchi-doenjangguk (spinach and bean paste soup) at the highest of 7.3. According to the BRS sensor, which tests for bitterness, the siraegi-doenjangguk (dried radish green and bean paste soup) was the highest at 7.8. By principal component analysis (PCA), we observed variances of 56.21% in principal component 1 (PC1) and 25.23% in PC2. For each flavor component, we observed -0.95 and -0.20 for factor loading of PC1 and PC2 for SRS sensors, 0.96 and 0.14 for STS sensors, and -0.94 and 0.22 for PC1 and PC2 for UMS sensors, and PC1 and 0.22 for PC1 and PC2 loading for SWS sensors. The similarity between the samples identified by clustering analysis was largely identified by 4 clusters. A total of 25 kinds of volatile compounds in 15 samples were identified, and the ones showing the highest relative content in all samples were identified as ethanol and 2-methylthiophhene. The main ingredient analysis confirmed variances of 28.54% in PC1 and 20.80% in PC2 as a result of the pattern for volatile compounds in 15 samples. In the cluster analysis, it was found to be largely classified into 3 clusters. The data in this study can be used for a sensory property database of conventional Korean soups and stews using electronic sensors.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.118-124
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• 2003

For the rapid detection of various pathogenic microorganisms from food sample, various kinds of kits have been developed and commercially available in the markets. With the advantages of speed, accuracy and easiness, the market of these kits has gradually increased for the QC and QA field of food company as well as testing facilities or laboratories. In this study, the characteristics such as the detection limit and the sensitivity of immunochromatographic type of rapid detection kit (Donga Co, Korea, D-kit) for E. coli 0157:H7 developed by monoclonal antibody were examined and also the possibility of application of the kit to food samples was evaluated. The reference kits used for comparison study were Reveal E. coli 0157:H7 (Neogen Co., USA, R-kit) and VIP EHEC kit (Biocontrol Inc., USA, V-kit) occupying major market share. In the detection limit test with the E. coli 0157:H7 reference, both R-kit and D-kit showed a distinct positive reaction in $10^4$/ml and weak positive reaction in $10^3$/ml, whereas V-kit showed a same reaction in 105/ml. Also, it was identified that the culture treated with heat showed more sensitivity than no heat treated culture. The sensitivity test was conducted against 22 isolates of E. coli 0157:H7, 7 strains of non-O157:H7 verotoxin-producing E. coli, 40 strains of E. coli with different O and H antigen type, and 38 strains of non-E. coli Enterobacteriaceae, and all of the test strains except three were showed exactly three were showed exactly the same reaction against three kinds of the tested kits. All the three kinds of kits showed a positive reaction against E. coli O157:H19, E. coli O148:H18 and Salmonella galinarium. We suppose that there might be a similarity in serological property between these three strains and O157:H7. From the test results, it can be concluded that there is (was) no difference between the D-kit developed in this study and R-kit or V-kit based on the detection limit and sensitivity.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.197-206
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• 2007

This study was conducted to survey the population of water birds wintering at the seven coastal wetlands of Jeollanam province including Suncheon Bay and Yeongsan Lake, from 2000 through 2003. The 90 species and 857,570 individuals in total were sighted at the seven survey sites. We classified the wintering water birds into seventeen groups of taxa based on the similar ecological attributes, among which, eight groups were found to inhabit the water surface or riparian areas. Classified groups that showed higher rate of using bay areas than that of lake areas were in the order of waders, gulls and swans. On the other hand, the groups that showed higher rate of using lake areas than that of using bay areas were revealed in the order of dabbling ducks, grebes and geese. In conclusion, there was a difference in the pattern between the two classified groups. As a result of the UPGMA cluster analysis using CCs ($S{\varnothing}rensen'a$ index of similarity and Ro (Horn's index of community overlap), the results showed that Suncheon Bay had the most unique species formation out of the seven areas. Bay and lake areas were different from each other in the formation of species and Individuals. As a result of combining the index rank according to the maximum aggregate count, the Suncheon Bay is ranked the highest in importance of the habitats for water birds, followed by the order of Boseong-Deukryang Bay, Gangjin Bay, Gocehongam Lake, Geumho Lake, Yeomam Lake, and Yeongsan Lake. Considered overall, the importance of the bay areas was relatively higher than that of reclaimed lake areas.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.169-174
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• 2000

Reproductive cycle of U. unicinctus was studied from September 1998 to August 1999, using gonadosomatic index (CSI) as an indicator. In November, the CSI values were maximum for male (6.2) and female (7.0), respectively; the values were lowest for them (1.0 and 0.5) during the successive february. Subsequently, they rapidly increased and attained peak by March-April. The values decreased again in both sexes and remained unchanged until August. The index increased in October to attain the peak by November. The CSI values clearly indicated that there are two spawning events in a year, namely the first one during April-May and the second one in December. Reproductive cycle was classified into the following successive stages: in female, multipication (January~February, June ~Setember), maturation (March~April, November), spent (May and December), degeneration and resting (June and January), and in male, multiplication January ~ february, June ~September), maturation (March~April, October~November), spent (May and December) and degeneration and resting (January and June). Histological observations revealed that oocytes in the ovary matured simultaneously in November and March. At the same time, the envelopes of matured testis became thinner than those in the early stage.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.593-602
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• 2006

Species composition, spatial distribution of major species, diameter and height classes distribution, and species diversity were .analyzed in the Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora, hereafter referred as pine) forest in the permanent quadrats, which were designed for Long Term Ecological Research (LTER). Collected data were compared with those from the other areas including urban center (Mt. Inwang and Hongneung) and boundary areas (Mts. Acha, Bukhan, Bulam, Cheonggye, Daemo, and Surak), and natural areas (Mts. Seolak, Songni, and Wolak) to clarify the ecological characteristics of pine forest on Mt. Nam. Species composition of pine forest on Mt. Nam showed a similarity with those of urban center but did a little and big differences with those on urban boundary and natural areas, respectively. Such differences that pine forest on Mt. Nam showed, were usually due to Styrax japonicus, Sorbus alnifolia, Oplismenus undulatifolius, Ailanthus altissima, Ageratina altissima and so on, which showed higher coverage there. Predicted from diameter and height classes distribution of tree species, pine forest on Mt. Nam showed a possibility to be replaced by a S. japonica. Considered that this replacer species is not only a sub-tree but also shade intolerant, such successional trend could be interpreted as a sort of retrogressive succession. Those on urban boundary and natural areas showed a difference by displaying probabilities to be maintained as themselves as an edaphic climax or succeeded to oak forests. Species diversity of pine forest on Mt. Nam was lower than those in urban boundary and natural areas due to excessive dominance of several species, which led to different species composition from the other areas. Plants, which produced the differences, were species that flourishes in the polluted industrial area (S. japonica and S. alnifolia), favors the disturbed site (O. undulatifolius), and exotic species (A. altissima and Eupatorium rugosum). Those results reflects that pine forest of Mt. Nam was exposed on severe environmental pollution and excessive human interferences.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.129
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• pp.1-22
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• 2014

Columns 12-18 record a conversation between an aged Confucius and his disciple Zi Gong concerning the Changes and especially the role of divination in its use. The last section, from the bottom of column 24, concerns the hexagrams Sun損, "Decrease," and Yi益, "Increase," which Confucius is here made to regard as the culmination of wisdom in the Zhouyi. The conversation between Confucius and Zi Gong, and especially Zi Gong's apparent misunderstanding of Confucius's interest in the text, has already attracted considerable scholarly interest. Zi Gong criticizes Confucius for changing his teaching about the importance of the Zhouyi and for performing divinations. Confucius responds that while he does indeed perform divinations. there is a major difference between his use of the text and that of others: he regards the I Ching as a repository of an ancient wisdom. This would seem to signal recognition of a dramatic change in the function and status of the text. Zi Gong said: "Does the Master also believe in milfoil divination?" The Master said: "I am right in only seventy out of one hundred prognostications. Even with the prognostications of Liangshan of Zhou one necessarily follows it most of the time and no more." The Master said: "As for the Changes, I do indeed put its prayers and divinations last, only observing its virtue and property. Intuiting the commendations to reach the number, and understanding the number to reach virtue, is to have humaneness and to put it into motion properly. If the commendation do not lead to the number, then merely acts as a magician; if the number does not lead to virtue, then one merely acts as a scribe. The divinations of scribes and magicians tend toward it but are not yet there; delight in it but are not correct. Perhaps it will be because of the Changes that sires of later generations will doubt me. I seek its virtue and nothing more. I am on the same road as the scribes and magicians but end up differently. The conduct of the gentleman's virtue is to seek blessings; that is why he sacrifices, but little; the righteousness of his humaneness is to seek auspiciousness; that is why he divines, but rarely. Do not the divinations of priest and magicians come last!" Although Confucius says two ways of the symbolic numbers and virtue-property, he emphasizes his way of virtue and property more important. In fact he who wrote in Yao 要, "essentials," Confucius's saying describes his own viewpoints of the Changes throughout the conversations between Confucius and his disciple Zi Gong, and is only to borrow the name of Confucius. Furthermore, quoting the original text in Yao 要, "essentials," in sequence, also comparing the materials of "the Analects of Confucius論語," with "the Shih chi史記," this thesis will be centered to a great extent on the relative similarity and differences between the Mawangdui Boshu Zhouyi Manuscript and the received text, and discussed the authencity of Yao 要, "essentials," of the contents shown in the chapter of 'Confucius became aged, and liked "The Book of Changes."' the relation of Confucius and the Changes will be clarified naturally through this progress.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.126-141
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• 2021

Fauna of freshwater fish and community structure were investigated at 13 sites in the Deogyusan National Park, Korea from 2014 to 2018. During the period, a total of 8 families, 21 species, and 8,716 individuals of fishes were collected. The number of fish collected over the past five years from 2014 to 2018, were 17 species and 2,280 individuals, 17 species and 1,579 individuals, 17 species 1,905 individuals, 17 species and 1,384 individuals, and 15 species and 1,568 individuals, respectively. There were 13 Korean endemic species including Iksookimia koreensis and Coreoleuciscus splendidus, etc. Only in Wondangcheon Stream, two endangered species were identified, and Hemibarbus mylodon was collected continuously except in 2015, and Pseudopungtungia nigra was observed every year. And two exotic species such as Oncorhynchus masou masou and Oncorhynchus mykiss occurred in Gucheongdongcheon Stream sites. The dominant species was Rhynchocypris oxycephalus and the sub-dominant species was Zacco koreanus and there was no difference by year. The fish community structure of Deogyusan National Park was varied depending on the sites and the year. Most of the survey sites located upper stream where the river structure is Aa river type showed poor community analysis results. On the other hand, the upper-mid stream sites including the Bb type showed better results. As a result, the Wondangcheon Stream sites had the most diverse and stable community structure. Similarity dendrogram was divided into 4 groups, mainly reflecting the characteristics of the habitat. The flagship species of the Deogyusan National Park, Rhynchocypris kumgangensis, was constantly observed during the investigation period. Compared to the previous survey, the number of species increased from 2004 (12 species) and decreased from 2009 (22 species).

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.52-61
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• 2023

The use of ultra-high-resolution (UHR) seismic surveys to preceisly characterize coastal and shallow structures have increased recently. UHR surveys derive a spatial resolution of 3.125 m using a high-frequency source (80 Hz to 1 kHz). A digital streamer system is an essential module for acquiring high-quality UHR seismic data. Localization studies have focused on reducing purchase costs and decreasing maintenance periods. Basic performance verification and application tests of the developed streamer have been successfully carried out; however, a comparative analysis with the existing benchmark model was not conducted. In this study, we characterized data obtained by using a developed streamer and a benchmark model simultaneously. Tamhae 2 and auxiliary equipment of the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources were used to acquire 2D seismic data, which were analyzed from different perspectives. The data obtained using the developed streamer differed in sensitivity from that obtained using benchmark model by frequency band.However, both type of data had a very high level of similarity in the range corresponding to the central frequency band of the seismic source. However, in the low frequency band below 60 Hz, data obtained using the developed streamer showed a lower signal-to-noise ratio than that obtained using the benchmark model.This lower ratio can hinder the quality in data acquisition using low-frequency sound sources such as cluster air guns. Three causes for this difference were, and streamers developed in future will attempt to reflect on these improvements.

• Journal of Popular Narrative
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.217-247
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• 2019

This research paper intends to examine the intertextuality of Klaus Mann's novel Mephisto (1936) and István Szabó's film Mephisto (1981) and how the derivative contents (i.e., film) accepted and improved the schematic aesthetics of conviction in original contents (i.e., novel). In general, the aesthetics of conviction is applied to criticize the state socialism of the artists of the Third Reich or the ideology of the artists of East Germany from a biased ethical perspective. Mephisto is also based on the aesthetics of conviction. Thus, it would be meaningful to examine the characteristic similarity and difference between Klaus Mann's real antagonist (i.e., Gustaf Gründgens) and fictional antagonist (i.e., Hendrik Höfgen) from a historical critical perspective. In this process, an aesthetic distance between the real and fictional antagonists would be secured through the internal criticism in terms of intertextuality. In this respect, the film aesthetics of István Szabó are deemed to overcome the schematic limit of the original novel. The conviction in both the novel and film of Mephisto pertains to the belief and stance of a person who compromised with the state socialism of Nazi Germany, i.e., succumbed to the irresistible history. Klaus Mann denounced Mephisto's character Höfgen (i.e., Gründgens in reality) as an "Mephisto with evil spirits" from the perspective of exile literature. For such denunciation, Klaus Mann used various means such as satire, caricature, sarcasm, parody and irony. However, his novel is devoid of introspection and "utopianism", and thus could be considered to allow personal rights to be disregarded by the freedom of art. On the contrary, István Szabó employed the two different types of evil (evil of Mephisto and evil of Faust) from a dualistic perspective (instead of a dichotomous perspective of good and evil) by expressing the character of Höfgen like both Mephisto and Hamlet (i.e., "Faust with both good and evil spirits). However, Szabó did not present the mixed character of "Mephisto and Hamlet (Faust)" only as an object of pity. Rather, Szabó called for social responsibility by showing a much more tragic end. As such, the novel Mephisto is more like the biography of an individual, and the film Mephisto is more like the biography of a generation. The aesthetics of conviction of Mephisto appears to overcome biased historical and textual perspectives through the irony of intertextuality between the novel and the film. Even if history is an irresistible "fate" to an individual, human dignity cannot be denied because it is the "value of life". The issue of conviction is not only limited to the times of Nazi Germany. It can also be raised with the ideology of the modern and contemporary history of Korea. History is so deeply rooted that it should not be criticized merely from a dichotomous perspective. When it comes to the relationship between history and individual life, a neutral point of view is required. Hopefully, this research paper will provide readers with a significant opportunity for finding out their "inner Mephisto" and "inner Hamlet."