• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.3341-3352
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• 2011

In this study, characteristics of wastewater treatment of sewage intermittently mixed with industrial wastewater is examined by investigating the operational status of each unit operation and measuring water quality. The bioreactor operating condition was measured for MLSS concentration 2,000~3,000 mg/L, HRT 5.3~16.3 hour, SRT 2.8~66.6 day, and SVI frequently showed the value above 200 which was higher than the optimal range of 50~150. It is thought that the sludge is not in suitable condition for sedimentation caused by the incoming industrial wastewater. When industrial wastewater is come into the system, MLDO inside of bioreactor rapidly increased, rate of nitrification is steeply decreased, and Pin floc. is spilled in the secondary clarifier. In the observance of microorganism showed that various bacterial floc. and ciliata were found as well as actinomycetes and filamentous bacteria(Sphaeotilus) which is known to cause bulking. Efficiency of each unit operation was fairly good in average. However, efficiency of the bioreactor treatment showed high fluctuation by unstable operating condition by intermittently incoming industrial wastewater.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.432-436
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• 2007

Therapeutic effect by injection-AP with antibiotics plus conventional treatment was investigated to establish a new treatment method for canine demodicosis. Three patients diagnosed into canine demodicosis were used in the present study. Injection-AP with enrofloxacin (5 mg/kg, twice a week) was made into the acupoints such as Fei Shu(BL13), Wei Zhong (BL40), Da Zhui (GV14), Zu San Li (ST36), He Gu (LI04), Qu Chi (LI11) and Sang Yin jiao(SP06) for 5 weeks. Further, they were additionally received with conventional treatments including injection of ivermectin (0.5 mg/kg, twice a week, SC) and 0.05% amitraz rinse (twice a week) for 5 weeks. The clinical symptoms (pruritus, excoriation, erythema and alopecia) were much improved by injection-AP therapy plus conventional treatment, compared by those of pre-treatment. Case 1 became to normal after 4 weeks, Case 2 became to mild after 5 weeks and Case 3 became to normal after 5 weeks. Total WBC revealed decreasing tendency with treatment in all cases, however, N/L ratios didn't show regular pattern of change with treatment. Notable changes were not histopathogically found in skin lesions of Case 1 and Case 3 except Case 2 with mild change after 5 weeks treatment, compared by those of pre-treatment, respectively. In conclusion, the present patients were cases with canine demodicosis which revealed favorable therapeutic response by injection-AP with antibiotics plus conventional treatment.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.337-344
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• 2005

Although pneumococcus is one of the most frequently encountered opportunistic pathogen in the world, the mechanisms responsible for its infectiveness have not yet been fully understood. In this paper, we have attempted to characterize the effects of pneumococcal transformation on the pathogenesis of the organism. We constructed three transformation-deficient pneumococcal strains, which were designated as Nos. 1d, 2d, and 22d. The construction of these altered strains was achieved via the insertion of the inactivated gene, comE, to strains 1, 2 and 22. We then conducted a comparison between the virulence of the transformation-deficient strains and that of the wild-type strains, via an evaluation of the ability of each strain to adhere to endothelial cells, and also assessed psaA mRNA expression, and the survival of hosts after bacterial challenge. Compared to what was observed with the wild-type strains, our results indicated that the ability of all of the transformation-deficient strains to adhere to the ECV304 cells had been significantly reduced (p < 0.05), the expression of psaA mRNA was reduced significantly (p < 0.05) in strains 2d and 22d, and the median survival time of mice infected with strains Id and 2d was increased significantly after intraperitoneal bacterial challenge (p < 0.05). The results of our study also clearly indicated that transformation exerts significant effects on the virulence characteristics of S. pneumoniae, although the degree to which this effect is noted appears to depend primarily on the genetic background of the bacteria.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.37-42
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• 2006

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is considered to be an important component in the progression of inflammation. Monocytes/macrophages are prominent at inflammation sites, and activation of these cells by stimulants such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) leads to the production of significant amounts of MMP-9. Here, we show that LPS-induced MMP-9 production and activation was inhibited by the water extract from the fruit of Chaenomeles sinensis (CS), the root of Polygonum cuspidatum (PC), but increased by the extract from Boswellia carterii (BC). To investigate the mechanism by which those extracts inhibits MMP-9 activation, we examined the level of MMP-9 mRNA expression. We observed a significant change in the MMP-9 expression between LPS alone and LPS plus Chaenomeles sinensis and Polygonum cuspidatum extracts-treated cells. In addition, LPS significantly up-regulated MMP-9 promoter activity in Raw 264.7 cells, which was attenuated by the CS and PS extracts. However, water extracts from Boswellia carterii increased MMP-9 expression and MMP-9 promoter activity which were induced by LPS treatment in Raw 264.7 cells. These data suggest that water extracts from Chaenomeles sinensis and Polygonum cuspidatum can modulate anti-inflammatory immune response, which may be in part associated with the regulation of MMP-9 production and/or activation through the regulation of MMP-9 expression in mouse macrophage cells.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.15-25
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• 2009

Objective: This paper aimed to understand influences on EEG conducting acupuncture stimulation, by comparing the changes in the acupoints on the body before and after normal people are treated with acupuncture at PC9 and TE3, which are referred to as Wood points(木穴), and PC5 and TE1, which are referred to as the Metal points(金穴) among the five shu points of Yin pericardium Meridian and Yang Triple Energizer Meridian. Methods: The study was performed on 30 healthy female volunteers in their 20's. EEG was measured for 5 minutes before acupuncture stimulation was conducted on PC9, TE3, PC5 and TE1. During 20 minutes of acupuncture treatment, the same items were continuously measured to find out whether there were any changes in them, and they were measured for 5 minutes after removing the acupuncture needles in order to implement a comparative analysis. Results: Comparision of EEG data before and after the treatment at PC9 shows no significant differences in all wave. Compared with the pre-acupuncture period at TE3, $\delta-\theta$ wave decreased significantly (P<0.05) during the acupuncture stimulation periods. Compared with the pre-acupuncture period at PC5, $\delta-\theta$ wave and high $\alpha$ wave increased significantly (P<0.05) during the acupuncture stimulation periods. And Mid $\beta$ wave and high $\beta$ wave decreased significantly (P<0.05) during the acupuncture periods and the post acupuncture periods. Compared with the Pre-acupuncture period at TE1, $\delta-\theta$ wave, $\theta$ wave and high $\alpha$ wave increased significantly (P<0.05) during the acupuncture stimulation periods. And Low $\beta$ wave decreased significantly (P<0.05) during the acupuncture periods. Conclusion: When acupuncture stimulation was performed on PC9 and TE3, referred to as the "Wood points", brain waves were stabled, while when acupuncture was performed on PC5 and TE1, called the "Metal points", a brain was waked. From the findings of this study, we hypothesize that the wood properties, from which growing starts in all things, are related with fast waves of EEG, and the metal properties, which stabilize and converge in all things, are related with slow waves of EEG.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.123-132
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• 2017

Insulin signaling is coordinated by insulin receptor substrates (IRSs). Many insulin responses, especially for blood glucose metabolism, are mediated primarily through Irs-1 and Irs-2. Irs-1 knockout mice show growth retardation and insulin signaling defects, which can be compensated by other IRSs in vivo; however, the underlying mechanism is not clear. Here, we presented an Irs-1 truncated mutated mouse ($Irs-1^{-/-}$) with growth retardation and subcutaneous adipocyte atrophy. $Irs-1^{-/-}$ mice exhibited mild insulin resistance, as demonstrated by the insulin tolerance test. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activity and phosphorylated Protein Kinase B (PKB/AKT) expression were elevated in liver, skeletal muscle, and subcutaneous adipocytes in Irs-1 deficiency. In addition, the expression of IRS-2 and its phosphorylated version were clearly elevated in liver and skeletal muscle. With miRNA microarray analysis, we found miR-33 was down-regulated in bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) of $Irs-1^{-/-}$ mice, while its target gene Irs-2 was up-regulated in vitro studies. In addition, miR-33 was down-regulated in the presence of Irs-1 and which was up-regulated in fasting status. What's more, miR-33 restored its expression in re-feeding status. Meanwhile, miR-33 levels decreased and Irs-2 levels increased in liver, skeletal muscle, and subcutaneous adipocytes of $Irs-1^{-/-}$ mice. In primary cultured liver cells transfected with an miR-33 inhibitor, the expression of IRS-2, PI3K, and phosphorylated-AKT (p-AKT) increased while the opposite results were observed in the presence of an miR-33 mimic. Therefore, decreased miR-33 levels can up-regulate IRS-2 expression, which appears to compensate for the defects of the insulin signaling pathway in Irs-1 deficient mice.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.4274-4282
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• 2011

In this study, Fenton reaction was studied for the possibility of applying as advanced treatment and its optimal condition for the removal of refractory organics from the dye wastewater. Fenton reaction was applied to remove refractory organics after the bio-treatment (secondary treatment) inside test laboratory and on-site pilot plant. Wastewater from the secondary treatment was used and its $COD_{Mn}$ was measured as 30~50mg/L. After the Fenton reaction, the optimal condition was found as pH 3~3.5, reaction time 2~2.5hr, chemical input ratio of ($FeCl_2$(33%)/$H_2O_2$(35%)) was 3 : 1. When chemical input ratio of ($FeCl_2$(33%)/$H_2O_2$(35%)) was at its optimal, amount of sludge volume ($SV_{2hr}$) was 21~28%. With pilot plant test, removal rate was heavily influenced by the hydraulic retention time(HRT), and optimum value of HRT was 2.0 hr. When pilot plant($2m^3/d$) was placed on-site and operated continuously, it showed steady and fairly good treatment of COD where COD removal rate was 60~70%, treated water showed below 20mg/L.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.66-77
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• 2016

This contribution studied constructional intentions, ideas, thought and aesthetic consciousness of Joseon Royal Tombs regarding its location, spatial organization and elements. A literature investigation and a field study have been carried out, and the royal tombs of the Goryeo Dynasty and the Shilla Dynasty also have been studied to look for the its origins. The outcomes are as follows. The tomb's system of Joseon Royal Tombs inherited the King Gongmin's Tomb of the Goryeo Dynasty of Buddhism, but they have their own characteristics in a spatial organization and elements involved in Confucianism, Taoism, not only Buddhism. In the aspect of location, Joseon Royal Tombs followed the Feng-shu geometric principle to find a land that have a mountain in the back, and a river in the front. Spatial plan was carried out with Confucianism to apply the order of rank. Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism are shown with the elements such as architecture, landscape architecture, stone objects, and historical forest being connected each other. Especially, constructional intentions, ideas, thought and aesthetic consciousness are connected with the people in Joseon Royal Tombs through the ritual ceremony of Confucianism.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.799-806
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• 2017

The potential use of modified clays in the adsorption of vapor phase benzene and toluene was investigated. The modified clays OC-CPC, IOC, and Al-PILC were prepared for comparative purposes and were characterized using infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray diffraction. It was confirmed the intercalation of the aluminium pillar in IOC and Al-PILC, as well as the introduction of cetylpyridinium. The adsorption studies showed a great affinity of benzene and toluene for OC-CPC due to the hydrophobic character that resulted and also to the increase in the interlaminar distance. IOC showed a lower affinity for the benzene and toluene, followed by Al-PILC. Natual clay had no affinity for benzene and toluene due to its hydrophilic nature. Clay materials having a laminar structure can be chemically modified, changing their physiochemical characteristics, such as interlaminar distance, surface area, pore size, and chemical affinity. In this study, it was focused on obtaining modified clays to be used for the adsorption of volatile organic chemicals.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.105
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• pp.373-400
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• 2008

This essay is an analysis on Daoist deconstructivism and Confucian constructivism about music and language. (1) Daoist criticizes that the Confucian constructive music and language fail to describe original sounds and original facts of doing nothing (wuwei, 無爲). According to Daoist, music and language can be an instrument to describe true facts in the world. So Daoists try to attain a state of 'seeing things as things themselves (yiwuguanwu, 以物觀物)' by 'forgetting oneself (wangwo, 忘我).' (2) However Confucian music and language is a part of one's life. Confucians try to get truth, goodness, and beauty by exercising one's music and language. Confucian music is associated with political and moral development in society. The Confucian genres of poetry (shi, 詩), appealing letter (shu, 疏), declaring writing (biao, 表), record (ji, 記), and written words (ci, 詞) are processes of developing one's life. Further, Confucian rhetoric of 'Xing (興)' in writing poem shows that one's language can be developed in contexts of one's life. (3) Although music and language is associated with human subjective narratives as if Confucians say, diverse narratives of different subjectivity cannot appear in one's lives if all kinds of narrative is absorbed in Confucian absolute ideological slogan to devide things into good and bad. Accordingly, the Confucian view of music and language can develop diverse narratives when it does not show an inclination toward moral dichotomy preunderstood by Confucian ideology.