• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.59-67
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• 2019

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to analyze the dynamic range of motion (ROM) of pelvic and translation of center of mass (COM) when wearing different shoe insole lifts according to leg length discrepancy (LLD) during free speed gait. Methods : Thirty-five healthy adults were participated in this study. Kinematic data were collected using a Vicon motion capture system. Reflective and cluster 40 markers attached to participants lower extremities and were asked to walk in a 6 m gait way under three different shoe lift conditions (without any insole, 1 cm insole, and 2 cm insole). The pelvic ROM and COM translation in three planes were sorted using a Nexus software, and a Visual3D motion analysis software was used to coordinate all kinematic data. Results : There were significantly increased maximal pelvic elevation and total pelvic range in coronal plane when wearing a standard shoe with 2 cm insole lift during gait (p<.05). When wearing a standard shoe with 2 cm insole lift, the total range of the pelvic segment were significantly different in all three motion planes (p<.05). Conclusion : Although LLD of less than 2 cm develops abnormal movement pattern of the pelvis and may cause of musculoskeletal diseases such as low back pain, hip and knee joint osteoarthritis, therefore intensive various physical therapy interventions for LLD are needed.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.21-29
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• 2013

Purpose : The study was to evaluate the weight distribution, balance and gait function of stroke patients wearing lateral wedged insole to the shoe of the affected side. Methods : 27 patients with stroke (15 men, 12 women) participated in this study. Participants performed weight distribution, dynamic balance and gait ability with or without wedged insole on affected side in a random order. The balancia was used to evaluate the weight distribution. Deviation from the center line was analyzed by Dartfish during sit to stand to evaluate dynamic balance. The functional walk ability evaluated by 10 m walking velocity. Results : The asymmetry index of weight bearing improved significantly with wedged insole of affected side(p<.05). During sit to stand, center of gravity significantly moved from non-affected side to more mid line of body(p<.05). Improvement were shown in walking speed after wearing the wedged insole(p<.05). Conclusion : Wedged insole applied on affected side have a beneficial effect on weight distribution, dynamic balance and walking speed with stroke.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2019

PURPOSE: This study examined the dynamic range of motion (ROM) of the hip, knee, and ankle joint when wearing different shoe sole lifts, as well as the limb asymmetry of the range according to the leg length discrepancy (LLD) during normal speed walking. METHODS: The participants were 40 healthy adults. A motion analysis system was used to collect kinematic ROM data. The participants had 40 markers attached to their lower extremities and were asked to walk on a 6 m walkway, under three different shoe lift conditions (without an insole, 1 cm insole, and 2 cm insole). Visual3D professional software was used to coordinate kinematic ROM data. RESULTS: Most of the ROM variables of the short limbs were similar under each insole lift condition (p>.05). In contrast, when wearing a shoe with a 2 cm insole lift, the long limbs showed significant increases in flexion and extension of the knee joint as well as; plantarflexion, dorsiflexion, pronation, eversion, and inversion of the ankle joint (p<.05). Of the shoes with the insole lifts, significant differences in all ROM variables were observed between the left and right knees, except for the knee internal rotation (p<.05). CONCLUSION: As the insole lift was increased, more ROM differences were observed between the left and right limbs, and the asymmetry of the bilateral lower limbs increased. Therefore, appropriate interventions for LLD are needed because an artificial mild LLD of less than 2.0 cm could lead to a range of musculoskeletal problems of the lower extremities, such as knee and ankle osteoarthritis.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of two shoe size conditions on foot pressure, ground reaction force (GRF), and lower extremity muscle fatigue. Seven healthy men participated. They randomly performed walking and running in two different conditions: proper shoe size and 10 mm greater than proper shoe size. Peak foot pressure, and vertical, anterior and mediolateral force components were recorded with the Parotec system and Kisler force platform. To assess fatigue, the participants performed treadmill running for twenty-five minutes twice, each time wearing a different shoe size. Surface electromyography was used to confirm localized muscle fatigue using power spectral analysis of four muscles (tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius medialis, rectus femoris, and biceps femoris). The results were as follows: 1) In walking conditions, there was a significantly higher peak pressure in the 10 mm greater than proper shoe size insole sensor 1, 2, 14, and 18 (p<.05). 2) In running conditions, there was a significantly higher peak pressure in the 10 mm greater than proper shoe size insole sensor 5, 14, and 15 (p<.05). 3) In walking conditions, there was a significantly higher first maximal vertical GRF in the 10 mm greater than proper shoe size (p<.05). 4) In running conditions, no GRF components were significantly different between each shoe size condition (p>.05). 5) Muscle fatigue indexes of the tibialis anterior and rectus femoris were significantly increased in the 10 mm greater than proper shoe size condition. These results indicate that wearing shoes that are too large could further exacerbate the problems of increased foot pressure, vertical GRF, and muscle fatigue.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.49-57
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• 2015

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to identify whether static and dynamic balance in young men were influenced by the different height of insoles in their shoes. Methods : Eighteen healthy young men (mean $20.61{\pm}1.38years$) were recruited for this study. The subjects' static and dynamic balance were assessed while wearing three different height' insoles (0cm, 2cm, 3cm) in their tennis shoes. Anterioposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) sway velocity was measured for 20 seconds using a force plate (Good balance system, Finland) under four conditions including normal standing with eyes open and with eyes closed, and tandem standing with eyes open and with eyes closed. The Functional Reach Test (FRT) and Timed Up & Go (TUG) were also performed for each subject under each condition. Results : 1) ML and AP sway velocities in young men were significantly different according to the height of the insole in normal standing with eyes open and eyes closed. 2) ML and AP sway velocities in young men were not different according to the height of the insole in tandem standing with eyes open. 3) ML sway velocities in young men were significantly different according to the height of the insole in tandem standing with eyes closed, whereas AP sway velocities did not differ by height of the insole in tandem standing with eyes closed. 4) FRT scores in young men were significantly different according to the height of the insole. 5) TUG scores in young men were not significantly different according to the height of the insole. Conclusions : This study's results indicate that the static and dynamic balance in young men can be influenced by shoe insole height.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.12 no.20
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• pp.33-38
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• 1989

In order to achieve the most suitable designing of shoemaking, the structure of shoemaking is described in this study by inquiring into structural and functional effects given by shoes to human feet. Also, the role of insole that is an essential portion in view of function in shoemaking is described and. for the improvement of quality the fact that selection of material of insole has an effect to quality is substantiated through experiments of adhesive tensile and absorption percentage. Though identification of the qualify of insole with the naked eyes is impossible because it is inserted between the internal layers of a shoe. It is not only an essential portion for the improvement of the quality of shoemaking but it gives an essential effect to the sanitation and health of human body(feet) when insole of lower qualify is used. In view of these the improvement and enhancement of the quality of home-made material of insole are earnestly required.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.783-792
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• 2005

The purpose of this research is to develop appropriate Insole according to foot characteristics of female adults. This research concentrates on proving the effectiveness of Insole on resolving foot discomforts by analyzing the differences between the fitting and foot pressure before and after wearing Insole. Among 216 female testers of previous research, six testers wear selected and placed into six different groups classified according to foot discomforts and foot characteristics. After wearing Insole, the results indicates that the entire groups represented the improvement of fitting and the mitigation of foot discomfort. The results of foot pressure experiment shows that the maximum pressure of foot spreads out evenly after wearing Insole, which indicates the effectiveness of Insole. This efficacy works particularly well for foot testers of second and sixth group. The results indicate that group 6, which consist of the flat-footed and the old, have more noticeable effects derived from Insole, whereas group 3 and 5 do not, due to its constitution of people with fairly normal feet. Furthermore, it was evident that maximum pressure played a major role in proving the beneficial effects of Insole, one of which is to scatter the maximum pressure of heel away and lessen the foot pressure of plantar.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.16-21
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• 2004

Purpose: To investigate the characteristics of the patients and therapeutic shoes for diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: Forty two diabetic patients who had their own therapeutic shoes which were prescribed somewhere else were studied from March 2003 to December 2003. There were 27 males and 15 females, and the mean age was 62.1 years (range, 49-72 years). Duration of diabetes was average 14 years (range, $6{\sim}30$ years), all had type 2 diabetes. Sensation was examined with 5.07 nylon monofilament. The route of purchasing the shoes, compliance to the prescribed shoes were investigated by interview. The shape of shoe, stiffness of upper, conformity of insole to the shape of the foot were recorded. In-shoe plantar pressure was measured in 15 patients. Results: Eighteen patients were insensate to the monofilament. Seven patients did not wear the therapeutic shoes, and only 18 of 35 patients were wearing the therapeutic shoes more than 6 hours a day. The shoes of 17 patients were prescribed by medical doctor and the rest were purchased by the recommendation of acquaintances or advertisement. Ulcer recurred in four of five patients to whom the shoe was prescribed by medical doctor and the cause of three recurrences were evident by just observing the foot and shoe. The therapeutic shoes were made from 11 different makers. Eight shoes were adequate for diabetic patients with respect to the material, shape of insole, type of shoe. In-shoe plantar pressure was examined in 15 patients and was less than 300 kPa in all patients. Conclusion: The therapeutic shoes for the diabetic patients need to be prescribed by medical doctor for selective patients with neuropathy or previous history of ulcer and follow-up examination is important to monitor the compliance of the patients and adequacy of the shoes.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.131-143
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to compare the ground reaction forces and plantar pressure variables among three different safety shoes (Type 1: ergonomically designed and high quality shoes, 2: curved and cushioned safety hoes, and 3: regular safety shoes) and to find the effect of insole during walking. Ten healthy subjects were recruited for this study. The ground reaction force was measured using a 3 dimensional motion analysis system. Plantar pressures were measured Pedar Mobile foot pressure scan system. The ground reaction force variables were not significantly different among three different shoe types and insole conditions. After insertion insole, plantar pressure distributions were improved. These results suggest that the type 1 safety shoes was superior than other safety shoes in the statistics, and applying insole could be a possible method to prevent fatigue of lower extremity and musculoskeletal disorders. Further studies are needed to find the effect of ergonomically designed safety shoes design and insole on practical value prevention of musculoskeletal disorder, fatigue and satisfaction of workers.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2003

Impact characteristics of six DM(Diabetes Mellitus) shoe insole materials (Podian, Plastazote black, Plastazote white, Flexible PU foam, Podialene 200 blue and Podia flex) and three multi-density insoles (AP, OS and PW insoles) were determined in the present study, using a self-designed impact measurement system. The coefficient of restitution, the median frequency and the attenuation index were calculated for each material, based on impact forces and linear accelerations. Podian revealed the superiority in the coefficient of restitution and the attenuation index. The median frequency of the Flexible PU foam was the smallest. Results also showed that the heel region was the most impact-attenuated among other areas in the insole. OS insole showed the better characteristics in the coefficient of restitution and the median frequency. but there was no significant difference in the attenuation index. Similar impact characteristics were found in all areas in PW insole. since it was basically of the same dual-density polyurethane.