• Management Science and Financial Engineering
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.25-29
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• 2015

Recently much research efforts have focused on how to manage carbon emissions in logistics operations. This paper formulates a model to determine an optimal shipment size with aims to minimize the total cost consisting not only of inventory and transportation costs but also cost for carbon emissions. Unlike the literature assuming carbon emission factors as a given condition, we consider the emission factors as decision variables. It is allowed to make an investment in improving carbon emission factors. The optimal investment decision is shown to be of a threshold type with respect to unit investment costs. Moreover, the findings in this work provide insights on the various elements of the investment decision and their impacts.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 1993.10a
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• pp.413-422
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• 1993

Air shipment affords the quickest possible delivery of horticultural products. The price of air shipped horticultural products are relatively high as most of these products are perishable. Usually the temperature in the cargo compartment is not controlled during flight. Thus, special attention should be paid to procooling prior to shipment. The environmental condition during transportation of horticultural products is an essential parameter for maintaining the quality of perishable products. Commonly horticultural products were loaded by ULD(Unit Load Devices) as a container or pallet in the aircraft (except for small aircraft) . Therefore, inside temperature of the container and cargo compartment came into question. Scarce literature on the relationship between environmental condition and quality changes of horticultural products during air shipment can be found. By the stand point of keeping fresh quality, investigations on the actual condition of air shipments were carried out to improve the technique during the distribution process of fresh horticultural products. Temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, carbon dioxide, ethylene, impacts, and changes in quality during the air shipment of snapbeans, okras and chrysanthemums were measured. Temperature was measured by recording thermometers, relative humidity by recording hygrometers, atmospheric pressure by a strain -guage type pressure sensor, carbon dioxide by testing tubes, ethylene by sampling bags and a gaschromatograph, impacts and vibrations by impact recorders and a 3D accelerometer. Relationships between environmental conditions and quality changes during air shipments were clarified. It was expected from investigations into actual shipments that the ventilation and insulation properties of air freight containers were related to the quality of agricultural products. Aircraft can no directly load and unload trucks into them. The transshipment is inclined to cause shocks and vibrations, and to invite damages within a short time.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.287-297
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• 2006

Concentration of hormones and blood components at the last fatting stage was changed before slaughter in Hanwoo steers and bulls. Two months before slaughter and shipment, concentration of cortisol and creatinine was increased, but that of calcium was decreased. Concentration of insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) was decreased after shipment, and inorganic phosphorus (IP) was decreased at slaughter. It is unclear that changes of concentration in between 2 months before slaughter and shipment were either caused by aging or stresses (abstinence, environmental change, blood drawing, and shipment). Changes of blood concentration between shipment and slaughter may be accounted for overall responses from abstinence, shipment, and unfamiliar environment. A positive correlation between 2 months before slaughter and before shipment was detected for IGF-1, total protein (TP), albumin, creatinine, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), and globulin in steers, and creatinine and globulin in bulls. A positive correlation between 2 month before slaughter and slaughter was detected for IGF-1, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), IP and HDLC in steers, and creatinine in bulls. A positive correlation between before shipment and slaughter was detected for testosterone, IGF-1, creatinine, triglyceride, HDLC and globulin in steers, and TP, creatinine, HDLC and globulin in bulls.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.555-561
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• 2019

This study analyzed the shipbuilding structure of House Tangerine over a ten day period and according to the month in Jeju. By estimating and analyzing the price flexibility function of House Tangerine, the aim was to determine if the shipment control can stabilize and increase the incomes of House Tangerine farmers and derive policy implications. The greatest decline in the coefficients of the ten-day price flexibility occurred in the equations from early June to late July. Therefore, the shipment control of House Tangerine is required more during early June and late July. The coefficient of DUM_Q, indicating the year in which the quality of House Tangerine is somewhat deteriorated, was statistically significant and had a (-) sign. The coefficients of DUM_SUK, indicating the year in which Chuseok (Korean Thanksgiving Day) was in October, was statistically significant and had a (-) sign in the middle and late October. The greatest decline in the coefficient of monthly price flexibility function occurred in July, June, and September. Therefore, shipment control is required more in July, June, and September. The (-) signs of the coefficients of DUM_Q and DUM_SUK suggest that the need for shipment control is more important when the quality is less than better quality and that the necessity of shipment control is required more when Chuseok is in October, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.17-18
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• 2012

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.303-315
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• 2005

In this paper we address a design problem for hub-and-spoke networks and then consider a capacitated hub locations problem with direct shipment (CHLPwD). We determine the location of hubs, the allocation of nodes to hubs, and direct shipment paths in the network, with the objective of minimizing the total cost in the network. In this paper, CHLPwD is formulated as 0-1 integer programming. We develop an evolutionary algorithm here to solve the large sized CHLPwD. To do this, we present the representation and the genetic operators suitable for the problem and propose a heuristic method for the allocation of nodes to hubs. To enhance the search capability, problem-specific information is used in our evolutionary algorithm. The proposed algorithm is compared with the heuristic method in terms of solution quality and computation time. The experimental results show that our algorithm can provide better solutions than the heuristic.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.288-298
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• 2012

Lot sizing and shipment scheduling are two interrelated decisions made by a manufacturing plant and a third-party logistics distribution center. This paper analyzes a dynamic inbound ordering problem and shipment problem with a freight container cost, in which the order size of multiple products and single container type are simultaneously considered. In the problem, each ordered product placed in a period is immediately shipped by some freight containers in the period, and the total freight cost is proportional to the number of containers employed. It is assumed that the load size of each product is equal and backlogging is not allowed. The objective of this study is to simultaneously determine the lot-sizes and the shipment schedule that minimize the total costs, which consist of production cost, inventory holding cost, and freight cost. Because the problem is NP-hard, we propose three meta-heuristic algorithms: a simulated annealing algorithm, a genetic algorithm, and a new population-based evolutionary meta-heuristic called self-evolution algorithm. The performance of the meta-heuristic algorithms is compared with a local search heuristic proposed by the previous paper in terms of the average deviation from the optimal solution in small size problems and the average deviation from the best one among the replications of the meta-heuristic algorithms in large size problems.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.83-94
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• 2016

The primary purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of bilateral Free Trade Agreements on international trade volume of bulk shipment at the port of Busan in Korea using the Gravity Model. Most recently, the total of 15 Korea's FTAs have been enforced since Korea-Chile FTA in 2004 and more than 50 countries became member of Korea's FTAs. Therefore, aggregated trade volume of Korea's FTA members out of the total trade volume in Korea increased from 25% in 2011 to 67% in 2015. Five Korea's bilateral FTA members are concerned as experimental group while top 10 foreign countries base on trade volume of bulk shipment are applied to the model as control group and panel data was used in this study. According to the results, bilateral FTA, GDP and population have positive impacts on trade volume of bulk shipment at the port of Busan. On the other hand, distance between Korea and its trade partner has negative impact. In examining Hausman test and LR test, the random effect model is statistically more appropriate than the fixed effect model for this study.

• Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.7-11
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• 2007

This paper considers a shipment planning of products from manufacturers to a third-party warehouse for demands with production time windows where a demand must be replenished in its time window. The underling lot-sizing model also assumes cargo delivery cost in each inbound replenishment to the warehouse. For this model, an optimal O($nT^4$) is presented where n is the number of demands and T is the length of the planning horizon.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.43
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• pp.297-336
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• 2009

In modern industrial society carriage of dangerous goods by sea becomes more increasing than ever before. Dangerous goods are required for special care and handling in that shipment of dangerous goods could affect safety of the vessel and other cargoes. It is also true that dangerous goods could be used as a means of terrorism. his article investigates allocation of risk and liabilities between parties involved in the carriage of dangerous goods by sea. More specifically, this study examines principles of strict liability of the shipper in shipment of dangerous goods with some limitations based upon recent cases. Furthermore this article investigates the issues on identity of shipper who bears strict liability to the carrier where there exist actual or documentary shipper other than the contractual shipper. Lastly, whether it is reasonable that the transfer of strict liability to the transferee, who does not have opportunity to verify dangerous nature of the goods before shipment, by endorsing bills of lading will be discussed critically.