• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.14
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• pp.153-176
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• 2000

The U.K. Bills of Lading Act 1855 had sought to circumvent the problems arising from the doctrine of privity of contracts. Among the principal factors in the introduction of the Act was the exceptional decision of the court in the case of Grant Norway. The Act 1855 was intended to reverse Grant Norway, but has no effect whatever. As it was not properly drafted, there had been a lot of situations where the Act 1855 was not applicable. In those cases, the courts have implied a contract between cosignee and carrier. This is the effect of the common law Brandt v. Liverpool doctrine. With the enactment of the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992, all of the problems shall be resolved. It repeals the Act 1855 and replaces it with provisions covering not only B/L but also sea waybills and ship's delivery orders. According to the new law, title to sue is now vested in the lawful holder of a bill of lading, the consignee identified in a sea waybill or the person entitled to delivery under a ship's delivery order, irrespective of whether or not they are owners of the goods covered by the document.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.27-53
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• 2013

It is a generalized way for the chartering business to fix the laytime bars except rarely adapting the customary despatch of the cargo work in port. The way of customary despatch is usually accepted by the owners in case the port facilities and other relevant infrastructures are in the satisfactory level for the cargo work whereas the laytime bars to be widely incorporated in the chaterparty for almost all occasions for owners and charterers to bind each other in loading and discharging cargo in port. The main purpose of establishing laytime bars on the charterparty is to secure the right and duty for both parties of the owners and the charterers, and furthermore to make the vessel despatched quickly from the port, whereby the costs incidental to the loading and discharging in port to be saved as much as possible. and the minimized costs in port will contribute to the profits in all parties involved in loading and discharging cargo. The conditions and terms on the laytime bars are expressed variously in their kinds according to the types of the charterparty to be used. The owners and charterers or the ship operators, however, seems not to be so accustomed in lawful understanding on these terms and conditions, and therefrom lots of disputes are noticed practically in the business field. As a result, this study is focused to render the owners and charterers rather clear understanding on their meanings and effects in legal aspects, and the various English Law Cases are referred in order to achieve the purpose of this study.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.376-384
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• 2017

Ship's Bunkering Business is one of the essential businesses creating added values of the port as a hub for a stream of the international logistics. Regulatory considerations of ship's bunkering business should be made to create a more relevant system and stabilize the bunkering industry so that the ports may produce more substantial added values. This paper suggests revisions the Harbor Transport Business Act, the Marine Transport Act, putting forward an idea of unifying safety management systems, establishing a guideline for bunker quality managements, and changing the laws regarding any wrongdoings of bunker suppliers. In conclusion, in order to increase the managerial integrity of the bunkering operators, reasonable burdens should be distributed across the government, refinery companies and ship-owners to achieve a more balanced state and enable long-term development to advance the business at issue, following a step-by-step approach to amend the contract practice, the laws and the systems.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.145-152
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• 2013

Recently, with oil price jumping and environmental issues, Green ship is paid deep attention to by ship owner, operator, builder, class and government. Fuel efficiency and reduction of $CO_2$ emissions are expected to have a strong influence on the design and operation of merchant ships. Many ship owners and operators are seeking the more economic method by the best operating route and the application of reliable and effective energy saving devices. With the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) in 2013 attention will more than ever be focused at achieving maximum fuel economy in the hydrodynamic design of hull forms, their appendages and propellers. IMO requirements for $CO_2$ emission for ships will now be implemented for vessels ordered from 1st January 2013. So far, a lot of new idea and patents have been proposed, tested, claimed and applied for various kinds of ship type. This paper shows numerical and experimental work related to a study on a energy saving devices particularly for fuller ship such as merchant vessel of Tanker and Bulker. From the bare hull wake measurements, typical upper/lower asymmetry of hull wake at the propeller disk was found. The pre-swirl duct have been designed and reviewed to recover the loss of propeller running in that condition. The general function of the pre-swirl duct was set to work against this asymmetry of wake and generate pre-swirled flow into the propeller against the propeller rotating direction.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2002.03a
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• pp.39-51
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• 2002

Online exchange is a cost-effective approach to trade goods and information among multiple sellers and buyers. Shipping industry includes lots of global entities such as shippers, liners, ship owners and shipping agents. Marine insurance companies and ship repairers and many other groups are also supporting the industry. However, international shipping exchanges are located on few cities in the world. Its our motivation that a shipping market can be online so that market participants do the dealing while sitting where they are with more efficient manner, preferable price and larger pool of candidates of trading partners. This paper presents Korean governmental project of building a cyber shipping exchange. The exchange covers ship sale and purchase, charter, insurance, freight futures, repairs, supplying of ships oil and database service. The workflows of each business were analyzed and designed to fit for online environment. The project includes design of trading mechanism, online documents, data flow, data storage and security. Online match making and trading mechanisms such as auction, reverse auction, bid are used. The whole trading process involves multiple organizations and business processes. So, this Paper focuses on how each organization would play their roles so that users can complete transactions with integrated and transparent view. The online exchange selves also as maritime portal site that links to other sites for cooperation vertically or horizontally, and serves database and information in global perspective. This paper also issues and discusses the justification of an online shipping exchange

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.152-159
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• 2020

Ship owners had pursued higher benefits by demanding the new design and construction of ships with higher operational efficiency. There was a necessity for shipyards to suggest a more economical design and advanced operation concept in order to meet the demands. Especially, since BOG combustion and activation of the re-liquefaction unit had to be taken into account in ship design in addition to fuel oil and gas consumption, the evaluation of the operating efficiency considering the technological trends was necessary. In this paper, it was aimed to study the design philosophy and operation strategy by considering the effect of fuel oil and gas consumption, BOG combustion, and activation of the re-liquefaction unit on the operating cost for laden voyage according to ship speed, BOR, and activation of the re-liquefaction unit. For this purpose, the costs were acquired by conducting the sailing simulation of an LNGC based on a mathematical model including the maneuvering equations of motion. The design philosophy and operation strategy was reviewed in terms of the operating cost.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.689-697
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• 2013

The demurrage is regarded as a kind of the ocean freight and a remuneration of the time lost for the vessel while in port. In ordinary occasions of the voyage charter, the liability of a demurrage is usually laid on the charterers unless any exceptions are incorporated. The owners are, however, often meeting somehow difficulty to secure demurrage in the field as the liability is limited or transferred to a third party from the charterers. This paper is focused on clearing the liabilities to be held by the parties involved through the English Law cases, and what's more is rendering a proper suggestions to the owners and charterers on dealing with the ship's operation business.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.161-169
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• 2017

Recently, ship owners have been requiring the assessment of the maneuverability of twin-screw ships under mechanical failures. Because this kind of assessment has not yet been conducted, it is necessary to study the types of machinery failures that can significantly affect the maneuverability of a ship, and to construct a procedure to simulate the maneuvering behavior under such failures. In this paper, the sole focus is the steering system failure from among the variety of failure types, and the maneuvering behavior of the ship under the single rudder failure is simulated for an investigation of the unique characteristics. First, the mathematical model for the twin-screw container ship is verified by comparing the simulated results for the $35^{\circ}$ turning test, $10^{\circ}/10^{\circ}$ zigzag test, and $20^{\circ}/20^{\circ}$ zigzag test under the normal operating condition with those obtained from free running model tests. After the IMO maneuvering tests are additionally simulated under the single rudder failure, the results are reviewed to investigate the maneuvering characteristics that are due to the failure. Further, the $35^{\circ}/35^{\circ}$ zigzag test and the $35^{\circ}$ turning test are simulated to additionally investigate the effects of the single rudder failure on the steering and turning abilities.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.129-149
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• 1994

Sea casualties may happen in ship, cargo and the others concerned with sea transportation. : the shipo-wer, marine insurer and salvage company have been endeavored to compensate salvage award with some rule and regulation such as Marine Insurance Act, York Antwerp Rules and Average adjustment rules. Once sea casualties happened, the salvage contract is established between the owners, marine insurance and salvage company, the contract are divided into so many kinds of them. In this paper, we have an analysis on the character of the salvage contract whether the characteristic contents of them are in benefit to any party or not. In this connection with these positive or negative character of the contract, it is worthwhile to compare the actual salvage expenses contract with no cure no pay contract. LOF 1990 has been revised recently, which is based on no cure no pay, expecially, the special compensation, safety net clause of LOF 1990 could be understood in the view of the prevention of sea pollution and the preservation of sea circumstances in the world. Salvage has the complicated and quality, because the adjustment of almost salvage charges have been treated through the other sea casualties which is accompanied by and mixed with. Besides of the importance of salvage contracts, we are in need to understand that what the diversified character of salvage charges are. Furthermore the owners should carefully select the insured conditions on Hull Insurance according to the type of his company, operating ocean route, loading cargo and etc. In this paper, we would try to analyze the character of the salvage award such as General Average, Sue and Labour Charges and Particular charges. We would like to propose that the uniformed system of the salvage award. Compensation should be built up for the effective and efficient salvage operation and for reducing the claims and conflicts from the concerned parties. To this end, we could expect that the uniformed system for salvage award compensation will come to be the benefit of all owners, insurers, salvage company.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.283-290
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• 2014

Environmental changes, especially global climate change, are creating new routes to reduce a shipping service distance in Arctic area. The Arctic routes are shorter than 60% of existing ways Panama or Suez canal). For this reason, ship owners prefer to navigate in Arctic area and a transportation of goods though the Arctic area is increasing. But the low temperature in Arctic condition changes the material properties. Especially, the material will be brittle and strength will increase. And an ultimate strength analysis of ship stiffened panels is changed depending on temperatures. In present study, the ultimate strength analysis of stiffened panels in double hull oil tankers is performed under various low temperatures with the material properties obtained by tensile coupon test. The analytical method as named ALPS/ULSAP was used for analysis method and 6 kinds of temperature (20, 0, -20, -40, -60 and $-80^{\circ}C$) were considered to investigate the effect of Arctic conditions.