• 터널과지하공간
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2023

국내 터널현장에 도입된 드럼타입 로드헤더의 작동방식 및 현장 운영 사례를 소개하였다. 축방향 타입과 횡방향 타입의 작동에 따른 절삭력과 반력의 방향을 분석하였다. 텔레스코픽 실린더의 사용 유무에 따른 터널면 형성의 차이점을 설명하였다. 실린더를 사용하지 않는 경우, 오목한 작은 반경의 터널면이 형성되어 터널면을 좌우로 구분하여 굴진하는 것으로 조사되었다. 그리고 국내 경암 터널 굴착환경에서 썸핑과 쉬어링 공정의 적용방안을 도해적으로 설명하고, 굴착공정에 대한 기존 설명자료를 일부 보완하였다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.209-219
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• 2023

This paper presents numerical investigations into the particle crushing effect on the shear properties of gravel under direct shear condition. A novel particle crushing model was developed based on the octahedral shear stress criterion and fragment replacement method. A series of direct shear tests were carried out on unbreakable particles and breakable particles with different strengths. The evolutions of the particle crushing, shear strength, volumetric strain behavior, and contact force fabric during shearing were analyzed. It was observed that the number of crushed particles increased with the increase of the shear displacement and axial pressure and decreased with the particle strength increasing. Moreover, the shear strength and volume dilatancy were obviously decreased with particle crushing. The shear displacement of particles starting to crush was close to that corresponding to the peak shear stress got. Besides, the shear-hardening behavior was obviously affected by the number of crushed particles. A microanalysis showed that due to particle crushing, the contact forces and anisotropy decreased. The mechanism of the particle crushing effect on the shear strength was further clarified in terms of the particle friction and interlock.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2016

This paper focuses on the thermal deformation induced preload change in the tilting pad journal bearing, using a three-dimensional (3D) thermo-hydro-dynamic (THD) approach. Preload is considered as a critical factor in designing the tilting pad journal bearing. The initial preload measured under nil external load and nil thermal gradient is influenced by two factors, namely, the thermal deformation and elastic deformation. Thermal deformation is due to a temperature distribution in the bearing pads, whereas the elastic deformation is due to fluid forces acting on the pads. This study focuses on the changes induced in preload and film clearance due to thermal deformation. The generalized Reynolds equation is used to evaluate the force of the fluid and the 3D energy equation is used to calculate the temperature of the lubricant. The abovementioned equations are combined by establishing a relationship between viscosity and temperature. The heat transfer within the bearing pads, the lubricant, and the spinning journal is calculated using the heat flux boundary condition. The 3D Finite Element Method (FEM) is used in modeling the (1) heat conduction in the spinning journal and bearing pads, (2) thermal gradient induced thermal distortion of the spinning journal and pads, and (3) viscous shearing, and heat conduction and convection in a thin film. This evaluation method has an increased fidelity, and it can prove to be a cost-effective tool that can be used by designers to predict the dynamic behavior of a bearing.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제68권1호
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• pp.67-80
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• 2018

Recently, U-section decks have been more and more used in metro and light rail bridges as an innovative concept in bridge deck design and a successful alternative to conventional box girders because of their potential advantages. U-section may be viewed as a single vent box girder eliminating the top slab connecting the webs, with the moving vehicles travelling on the lower deck. U-section bridges thus solve many problems like limited vertical clearance underneath the bridge lowest point, besides providing built-in noise barriers. Beam theory in mechanics assumes that plane section remains plane after bending, but it was found that shearing forces produce shear deformations and the plane section does not remain plane. This phenomenon leads to distortion of the cross section. For a box or a U section, this distortion makes the central part of the slab lagging behind those parts closer to the webs and this is known as shear lag effect. A sample real-world double-track U-section metro bridge is modelled in this paper using a commercial finite element analysis program and is analysed under various loading conditions and for different geometric variations. The three-dimensional finite element analysis is used to demonstrate variations in the transverse bending moments in the deck as well as variations in the longitudinal normal stresses induced in the cross section along the U-girder's span thus capturing warping and shear lag effects which are then compared to the stresses calculated using conventional beam theory. This comparison is performed not only to locate the distortion, warping and shear lag effects typically induced in U-section bridges but also to assess the main parameters influencing them the most.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.17-22
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• 2012

Objective: To study and compare the effects of different demineralization-inhibition methods on the shear bond strength (SBS) and fracture mode of an adhesive used to bond orthodontic brackets to demineralized enamel surfaces. Methods: Eighty freshly extracted, human maxillary premolars were divided into 4 equal groups and demineralized over the course of 21 days. Brackets were bonded to the demineralized enamel of teeth in Group 1. In Group 2, bonding was performed following resin infiltration ($ICON^{(R)}$, DMG, Hamburg, Germany). Before bonding, pre-treatment with acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) or solutions containing casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate with 2% neutral sodium fluoride (CPP-ACP/wF) was performed in Groups 3 and 4, respectively. The SBS values of the brackets were measured and recorded following mechanical shearing of the bracket from the tooth surface. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores were determined aft er the brackets failed. Statistical comparisons were performed using one-way ANOVA, Tukey's post-tests, and G-tests. Results: Significant differences were found in some of the intergroup comparisons of the SBS values (F = 39.287, p < 0.001). No significant differences were found between the values for the APF-gel and control groups, whereas significantly higher SBS values were recorded for the resin-infiltrated and CPP-ACP/wF-treated groups. The ARI scores were also significantly different among the 4 groups (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tooth surfaces exposed to resin infiltration and CPP-ACP/wF application showed higher debonding forces than the untreated, demineralized surfaces.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.45-50
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• 2009

지반이 연약하거나 지하수 유동에 따른 응력의 변화로 인하여 부등침하가 발생하면 구조물이 경사지거나 변형되어 균열이 발생하게 된다. 부등침하로 인하여 구조물의 기초부분이 변형되면, 지반의 지지력을 보강하는 방법으로 현재 까지 국내에서 주로 그라우팅공법을 사용하였다. 그러나 이 공법은 보강효과가 장기간동안 지속되지 못하며, 원하는 강도를 발휘하기 위해서는 오랜 시간이 필요한 단점이 있다. 급속팽창재료(GPCON) 주입공법은 기계적 물성 및 내구성이 우수하며 시공이 간편한 장점을 지니고 있으며 고결시간도 매우 빨라 하부지반에 물질을 분사하여 흙입자 사이의 지반 간극을 채움과 동시에 팽창 고결하여 지지력과 전단력을 증가시킬 수 있는 공법이다. 본 연구에서는 고밀도 급속 팽창 지피콘을 이용하여 반복 하중에 의한 변형특성과 진동 저감효과를 분석하고 철도 및 지하철에서 기초침하 복원성을 평가하였다.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.175-182
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• 2013

Purpose: Crushing injuries by car tires result from a combination of friction, shearing, and compression forces and the severity of injury is influenced by the acceleration. Because car-tire injuries of the lower leg in children are common these days but they have received little attention; thus, our purpose was to look closely into this problem. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted of data from children under 15 years old age who visited an emergency department because of a car-tire-related crushing injury to the lower leg in pedestrian traffic accident from January 2008 to September 2012. The patient's age, sex, site of injury, degree of injury, associated injuries, type of surgery, and complications were reviewed. Results: There were 39 children, the mean age was 8.0 years, and 71.8% were boys. The dorsal part of the leg was involved most frequently. According to the severity classification, 15 children were grade I, 6 were grade II, and 18 were grade III. Among 24 patients, 13 were treated with skin graft and 3 were treated using a sural flap. Twelve patients developed complications, such as hypertrophic scarring, contractures, and deformities with significant bone loss. Conclusion: Various degrees of skin or soft tissue defects were caused in children by car tires. In this study, patients were often also had tendon or bone damage. Proper and timely initial treatments are needed to reduce the incidence of infection, the number of operative procedures, and the hospital stay.

• 소음진동
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.1075-1082
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• 2000

본 논문은 이중 탄성기초 위에 놓인 테이퍼진 티모센코 보의 진동과 동적 안정성에 대한 연구로써, 이중 탄성기초는 지반모델에서 흔히 이용되는 분포 Winkler 스프링들과 전단기초층으로 구성된다. 보의 전단변형과 회전관성이 고려되고, 지배방정식은 Halmilton원리를 이용한 에너지 표현식에 의해 유도된다. 고유진동수와 좌굴하중을 구하기 위해 관계되는 고유치 문제를 풀며, 출력을 받는 보의 진동에 대한 수치해석결과들이 제시되는 다른 방법을 사용한 유용한 해의 결과들과 비교된다. 출력을 받고 탄성기초 위에 놓인 테이퍼진 티모센코 보의 고유진동수, 모드 형상, 그리고 임계하중 값들이 다양한 테이퍼 두께의 비, 전단기초 파라미터, Winkler 기초파라미터, 경계조건의 변화에 대해 조사된다.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.423-431
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• 2004

용접접합부 균열의 파괴역학적 해석을 위해서는 용접중에 발생하는 잔류응력해석과 파괴해석이 병행되어야 한다. 잔류응력이 존재하면 J-적분은 더 이상 적분경고에 관계없이 인정한 값을 갖는 특성을 잃어버리게 된다. 또한 균질한 재료와는 달리 이종재료 계면균열에서는 균열선난에서 Mode I과 Mode II의 파괴거동이 동시에 발생한다. 그러므로 이종강재 용접접합부 균열의 J-적분 해석을 위해서는 이종강재 용접시 발생하는 잔류응력이 존재하는 경우에도 적분경로에 관계없이 일정한 값을 갖는 새로운 J-적분식이 도입되어야 한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 기존의 J-적분을 수정하여, 이종강재 용접시 발생하는 잔류응력이 존재하는 경우에 경로 독립성을 유지하는 J-적분을 고찰하고, 이를 이용하여 잔류응력과 외력이 동시에 작용하는 균열선단에서의 J-적분을 해석할 수 있는 프로그램을 개발하였다. 자체개발한 탄소성 해석프로그램을 이용하여 이종강재 용접시 잔류응력과 외력에 대한 응력분포를 계산하였으며, 이를 이용하여 잔류응력과 외력의 복합하중에 대한 J-적분을 계산하였다.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.53-60
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• 2009

지진격리 구조물은 하부구조에서 상부구조로 전달되는 지진력의 현저한 감소가 요구되는 경우 고감쇠 고무받침(HDRB)과 같은 지진격리받침을 사용하는 구조물로서 내진설계의 도입 이후부터 많이 설계, 시공되고 있다. 적층고무받침은 지진격리장치에서 가장 중요한 구조부재이다. 적층형 고무받침의 기본 특성은 압축시험, 압축전단시험, 크리프시험 등을 통하여 얻는 것이 일반적이다. 본 연구에서는 축 응력 7.5MPa, 8.37MPa인 지진격리받침(고감쇠 고무받침)을 실물크기로 제작하여 실험실에서 1000시간동안 크리프 시험을 실시하였다. 고감쇠 고무받침과 같은 지진격리받침을 실제 교량환경 상태에서 장기간 압축 크리프 시험한 결과 1000시간 후 최대크리프 변형은 전체 고무두께의 $0.3{\sim}1.92%$로 변형하였다.