• Title/Summary/Keyword: Shear center

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Performance comparison of shear walls with openings designed using elastic stress and genetic evolutionary structural optimization methods

  • Zhang, Hu Z.;Liu, Xia;Yi, Wei J.;Deng, Yao H.
    • Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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    • 제65권3호
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    • pp.303-314
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    • 2018
  • Shear walls are a typical member under a complex stress state and have complicated mechanical properties and failure modes. The separated-elements model Genetic Evolutionary Structural Optimization (GESO), which is a combination of an elastic-plastic stress method and an optimization method, has been introduced in the literature for designing such members. Although the separated-elements model GESO method is well recognized due to its stability, feasibility, and economy, its adequacy has not been experimentally verified. This paper seeks to validate the adequacy of the separated-elements model GESO method against experimental data and demonstrate its feasibility and advantages over the traditional elastic stress method. Two types of reinforced concrete shear wall specimens, which had the location of an opening in the middle bottom and the center region, respectively, were utilized for this study. For each type, two specimens were designed using the separated-elements model GESO method and elastic stress method, respectively. All specimens were subjected to a constant vertical load and an incremental lateral load until failure. Test results indicated that the ultimate bearing capacity, failure modes, and main crack types of the shear walls designed using the two methods were similar, but the ductility indexes including the stiffness degradation, deformability, reinforcement yielding, and crack development of the specimens designed using the separated-elements model GESO method were superior to those using the elastic stress method. Additionally, the shear walls designed using the separated-elements model GESO method, had a reinforcement layout which could closely resist the actual critical stress, and thus a reduced amount of steel bars were required for such shear walls.

호안용 매트리스내 채움재의 한계_허용 전단응력에 관한 연구 (Study on Critical_Allowable Shear Stress of Filling Rocks With Mattress Revetment)

  • 배상수;이승윤;지홍기
    • 한국수자원학회논문집
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    • 제41권2호
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    • pp.137-147
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    • 2008
  • 본 논문은 호안용 매트리스내 채움재의 한계_허용 전단응력을 제시하였다. 먼저, 매트리스가 설치된 수로에서 유수력이 작용할 때 각 지점에 대한 유효전단응력을 산정하였다. 다음으로, 입자들의 한계운동을 결정하는데 주로 사용되는 Shields 계수와 전단응력을 이용한 채움재의 평균입경을 산정하였다. 마지막으로, 산정된 각 인자들을 근거로 철망내 개별 암석의 안정조건을 만족시키는 한계_허용 전단응력의 범위를 결정하였다. 또한 매트리스와 사석의 비교를 통해 매트리스의 거동에 관한 안정성을 규명하면서 안정적인 수리구조물임을 입증하였다. 따라서 동일 한계전단 응력에 대한 소요 평균입경은 사석이 매트리스보다 대략 3배 정도 더 크다. 이와 반대로 동일 크기의 암석이 주어질 때 매트리스는 사석보다 3배 정도 더 큰 전단응력에도 저항할 수 있는 것으로 분석되었다.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SHEAR BOND STRENGTH BETWEEN CP-TI/CO-CR ALLOY AND COMPOSITE RESINS

  • Yoon, Se-Hee;Pae, Ahran;Lee, Seok-Hyung;Lee, Ho-Rim
    • 대한치과보철학회지
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    • 제45권6호
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    • pp.805-814
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    • 2007
  • Statement of problem. Composite resin-veneered metal restorations can be used as an alternative to porcelain-fused-metal restorations. But, because of the relatively low bond strength of veneering composite to metal framework, various surface treatment methods have been introduced to improve the bond strength. Purpose. The object of this study was to compare the shear bond strength of different combinations of each of the two bonding systems and each of the two composite veneering resins to cp-Ti/Co-Cr alloy. Material and methods. Two resin bonding systems (metal conditioner containing MEPS monomer, tribochemical silicoating system) and two composite resins (Gradia, Sinfony) were tested on cp-Ti and Co-Cr alloy. Then, according to manufacturers' instructions, resin bonding systems and composite resins were applied. All test specimens were divided into four groups for each alloy; I) sandblast + Metal Primer II + Gradia (MG), II) sandblast + Metal Primer II + Sinfony (MS), III) Rocatec + Gradia (RG), IV) Rocatec + Sinfony (RS). The shear bond strength was determined using a universal testing machine and all data were statistically analyzed with Mann-Whitney test and Kruskal-Wallis test at the significance level of 0.05. Results. The mean (standard deviations) of shear bond strength according to the combinations of two bonding systems and two composite resins to cp-Ti arranged from 16.44 MPa to 17.07 MPa and the shear bond strength to Co-Cr alloy ranged from 16.26 MPa to 17.70 MPa. The result shows that the difference were not statistically significant. Conclusion. The shear bond strengths of composite resins to both cast cp-Ti and Co-Cr alloy were not significantly different between the metal conditioner and the tribochemical silicoating system. And no differences in bond strength were found between cp-Ti and Co-Cr alloy.

Seismic performance of CFS shear wall systems filled with polystyrene lightweight concrete: Experimental investigation and design methodology

  • Mohammad Rezaeian Pakizeh;Hossein Parastesh;Iman Hajirasouliha;Farhang Farahbod
    • Steel and Composite Structures
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    • 제46권4호
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    • pp.497-512
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    • 2023
  • Using light weight concrete as infill material in conventional cold-formed steel (CFS) shear wall systems can considerably increase their load bearing capacity, ductility, integrity and fire resistance. The compressive strength of the filler concrete is a key factor affecting the structural behaviour of the composite wall systems, and therefore, achieving maximum compressive strength in lightweight concrete while maintaining its lightweight properties is of significant importance. In this study a new type of optimum polystyrene lightweight concrete (OPLC) with high compressive strength is developed for infill material in composite CFS shear wall systems. To study the seismic behaviour of the OPLC-filled CFS shear wall systems, two full scale wall specimens are tested under cyclic loading condition. The effects of OPLC on load-bearing capacity, failure mode, ductility, energy dissipation capacity, and stiffness degradation of the walls are investigated. It is shown that the use of OPLC as infill in CFS shear walls can considerably improve their seismic performance by: (i) preventing the premature buckling of the stud members, and (ii) changing the dominant failure mode from brittle to ductile thanks to the bond-slip behaviour between OPLC and CFS studs. It is also shown that the design equations proposed by EC8 and ACI 318-14 standards overestimate the shear force capacity of OPLC-filled CFS shear wall systems by up to 80%. This shows it is necessary to propose methods with higher efficiency to predict the capacity of these systems for practical applications.

Effects of the location and size of web openings on shear behavior of clamped-clamped reinforced concrete beams

  • Ceyhun Aksoylu;Yasin Onuralp Ozkilic;Ibrahim Y. Hakeem;Ilker Kalkan
    • Computers and Concrete
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    • 제33권3호
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    • pp.251-264
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    • 2024
  • The present study pertains to the effects of variations in the location and size of drilled web openings on the behavior of fixed-fixed reinforced concrete (RC) beams. For this purpose, a reference bending beam with a transverse opening in each half span was tested to failure. Later, the same beam was modeled and analyzed with the help of finite element software using ABAQUS. Upon achieving close agreement between the experimental and numerical results, the location and size of the web opening were altered to uncover the effects of these factors on the shear strength and load-deflection behavior of RC beams. The experimental failure mode of the tested beam and the numerical results were also verified by theoretical calculations. In numerical analysis, when compared to the reference (D0) specimen, if the distance of the opening center from the support is 0 or h or 2h, reduction in load-bearing capacity of 1.5%-22.8% or 2.0%-11.3% or is 4.1%-40.7%. In other words, both the numerical analyses and theoretical calculations indicated that the beam behavior shifted from shear-controlled to flexure-controlled as the openings approached the supports. Furthermore, the deformation capacities, energy absorption values, and the ductilities of the beams with different opening diameters also increased with the decreasing distance of the opening from supports. Web compression failure was shown to be the predominant mode of failure of beams with large diameters due to the lack of sufficient material in the diagonal compression strut of the beam. The present study indicated that transverse openings with diameters, not exceeding about 1/3 of the entire beam depth, do not cause the premature shear failure of RC beams. Finally, shear damage should be prevented by placing special reinforcements in the areas where such gaps are opened.

실리콘 다이아프램 구조에서 전단응력형 압전저항의 특성 분석 (Analysis of Shear Stress Type Piezoresistive Characteristics in Silicon Diaphragm Structure)

  • 최채형;최득성;안창회
    • 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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    • 제25권3호
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    • pp.55-59
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    • 2018
  • 본 연구에서는 Si/$SiO_2$/Si-sub 구조의 SDB (silicon-direct-bonding) 웨어퍼 상에 형성된 다이아프램(diaphragm)에 제조된 전단응력형 압전저항 특성을 분석하였다. 다이아프램은 MEMS (Microelectromechanical System) 기술을 이용해 형성하였다. TMAH 수용액을 이용해 웨이퍼 후면을 식각하여 형성된 다이아프램 구조는 각종 센서제작에 활용할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 다이아프램 상에 형성시킨 전단응력형 압전저항의 최적의 형상조건을 ANSYS 시뮬레이션을 통하여 찾고 실제 반도체 미세가공기술을 이용해 다이아프램 구조를 형성시키고 이에 붕소(boron)을 주입하여 형성시킨 전단응력형 압전저항의 특성을 시뮬레이션 결과와 비교 분석하였다. 압력감지 다이아프램은 정방형으로 제조되었다. 다이아프램의 모서리의 중심부에서 동일한 압력에 대한 최대 전단응력은 구조물이 정방형일 때 발생한다는 것을 실험으로 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 압전저항은 다이아프램의 가장자리 중앙에 위치시켰다. 제조된 전단응력형 압전저항은 시뮬레이션 결과와 잘 일치하였고 $2200{\mu}m{\times}2200{\mu}m$ 크기의 다이아프램에 형성된 압전저항의 감도는 $183.7{\mu}V/kPa$로 나타났으며 0~100 kPa 범위의 압력에서 1.3%FS의 선형성을 가졌으며 감도의 대칭성 또한 우수하게 나타났다.

동적 콘 관입지수를 이용한 철도노반의 전단파속도 추정 (Shear Wave Velocity Estimation of Railway Roadbed Using Dynamic Cone Penetration Index)

  • 홍원택;변용훈;최찬용;이종섭
    • 한국지반공학회논문집
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    • 제31권11호
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    • pp.25-31
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    • 2015
  • 연속 동하중을 지지하는 철도노반의 탄성거동은 대상 상부노반의 전단탄성계수에 주된 영향을 받으므로, 일정한 다짐도로 조성된 상부노반에서의 전단파속도 획득은 대상 지반의 탄성거동 예측에 활용될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 상부노반에서 수행된 동적 콘 관입시험(DCPT) 결과로부터 전단파속도($V_s$)를 추정하기 위하여 동적 콘 관입지수(DCPI)와 전단파속도의 상호관계를 제시하고자 하였다. 상호관계의 신뢰도를 확보하기 위하여 동적 콘 관입시험 및 전단파속도 획득은 시공 완료된 철도 상부노반에서 수행되었다. 전단파속도 획득 방법으로서 cross hole 방법이 사용되었으며, 수신기와 발신기의 중간 위치에서 동적 콘 관입시험이 수행되었다. 동일한 심도에서의 동적 콘 관입지수 및 전단파속도 비교 결과, 전단파속도는 결정계수가 0.8 이상인 동적 콘 관입지수의 거듭제곱 형태로 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 동적 콘 관입기를 이용한 상부노반의 강도평가와 동시에 전단파속도 추정 방법으로써 유용하게 사용될 것이라 기대된다.

불균형모멘트와 펀칭전단의 상관관계를 고려한 철근콘크리트 무량판 슬래브의 파괴모델 (The Failure Model of RC Flat Plates Considering Interrelation between Punching Shear and Unbalanced Moment)

  • 최정욱;송진규;송호범
    • 콘크리트학회논문집
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    • 제20권4호
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    • pp.523-530
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    • 2008
  • 구조설계기준에서, 슬래브의 최대 펀칭전단응력은 연직하중에 의한 직접전단과 불균형모멘트에 의한 편심전단의 조합응력으로 규정하고 있다. 이것은 슬래브에 작용하는 펀칭전단응력에 불균형모멘트의 영향을 반영한 것이다. 그러나 부재의 저항성능 즉 펀칭전단강도에는 슬래브의 불균형모멘트강도 영향을 전혀 고려하고 있지 않다. 본 논문에서는 불균형모멘트-펀칭전단 상관모델을 제시하였다. 상관모델에서 불균형모멘트와 펀칭전단의 하중영향 및 저항성능 관계는 2차원으로 표현된다. 상관모델을 이용하여, "슬래브의 펀칭전단강도를 결정하는데 있어 불균형모멘트강도를 어떻게 반영할 것인지"에 대한 방안을 제시하였다. 또한, 전단보강재가 불균형모멘트강도에 미치는 영향을 분석하고 이를 구조설계에 반영하기 위한 유효폭확대계수의 적용을 제안하였다. 본 논문에서 제시한 상관모델은 하중과 전단보강재에 따른 펀칭전단과 불균형모멘트 강도를 실제 거동에 가깝게 정의할 수 있고 슬래브의 휨지배파괴 또는 전단지배파괴의 최종적인 파괴모드를 쉽게 예측할 수 있어 슬래브의 구조적 거동을 예측하는데 매우 효과적이다.